Lub zog shrinkage ntawm ib chav tsev ntev ntawm cov kua dej yog hu ua qhov nro, thiab chav tsev yog N.·m-1.
Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev txo qhov nro ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog hu ua deg kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov khoom siv nrog cov cuab yeej no hu ua cov khoom siv saum npoo av.
Cov khoom siv saum npoo av uas tuaj yeem khi cov molecules hauv cov kua dej thiab tsim cov micelles thiab lwm cov koom haum, thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, thaum tseem muaj cov nyhuv ntub dej, emulsifying, foaming, ntxuav, thiab lwm yam yog hu ua surfactant.
Surfactant yog cov organic tebchaw nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab cov cuab yeej, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm ob theem lossis qhov nro ntawm cov kua (feem ntau dej), nrog ntub dej, foaming, emulsifying, ntxuav thiab lwm yam khoom.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv, surfactants muaj ib tug zoo feature nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj ob pawg ntawm txawv xwm nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules. Nyob rau ntawm ib kawg yog ib tug ntev saw ntawm non-polar pawg, soluble nyob rau hauv roj thiab insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, los yog hu ua hydrophobic pab pawg neeg los yog dej-repellent pawg. Cov dej-repellent pab pawg no feem ntau ntev chains ntawm hydrocarbons, tej zaum kuj rau cov organic fluorine, silicon, organophosphate, organotin saw, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau lwm yam kawg yog dej-soluble pab pawg neeg, ib pab pawg neeg hydrophilic los yog roj-repellent pab pawg neeg. Cov pab pawg hydrophilic yuav tsum muaj txaus hydrophilic kom ntseeg tau tias tag nrho cov surfactants yog soluble hauv dej thiab muaj qhov tsim nyog solubility. Txij li cov surfactants muaj cov pab pawg hydrophilic thiab hydrophobic, lawv tuaj yeem soluble hauv tsawg kawg yog ib theem ntawm cov kua. Qhov no hydrophilic thiab lipophilic khoom ntawm surfactant hu ua amphiphilicity.
Surfactant yog ib hom amphiphilic molecules nrog ob pawg hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic. Hydrophobic pawg ntawm surfactants feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov saw ntev hydrocarbons, xws li cov saw ncaj alkyl C8 ~ C20, branched-chain alkyl C8 ~ C20, alkylphenyl (alkyl carbon tom qab tooj yog 8 ~ 16) thiab lwm yam. Qhov sib txawv me me ntawm pawg hydrophobic feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv kev hloov ntawm hydrocarbon chains. Thiab cov hom hydrophilic pawg muaj ntau dua, yog li cov khoom ntawm surfactants feem ntau muaj feem xyuam nrog pawg hydrophilic ntxiv rau qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm pawg hydrophobic. Cov qauv kev hloov pauv ntawm pawg hydrophilic yog loj dua li cov pawg hydrophobic, yog li kev faib tawm ntawm cov surfactants feem ntau yog raws li cov qauv ntawm cov pab pawg hydrophilic. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog nyob ntawm seb pawg hydrophilic yog ionic lossis tsis, thiab nws tau muab faib ua anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb ntawm surfactants.
① Adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm lub interfac
Surfactant molecules yog amphiphilic molecules muaj ob pawg lipophilic thiab hydrophilic. Thaum cov surfactant yaj hauv dej, nws pawg hydrophilic nyiam dej thiab yaj hauv dej, thaum nws pab pawg lipophilic raug tshem tawm los ntawm dej thiab tawm dej, ua rau cov adsorption ntawm surfactant molecules (los yog ions) ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob theem. , uas txo cov interfacial nro ntawm ob theem. Qhov ntau surfactant molecules (los yog ions) yog adsorbed ntawm lub interface, qhov ntau dua qhov txo qis hauv kev sib tshuam.
② Qee yam khoom ntawm adsorption membrane
Nto siab ntawm adsorption membrane: Surfactant adsorption ntawm cov roj-kua interface los tsim ib qho adsorption membrane, xws li tso ib daim ntawv frictionless tshem tau ntab ntawm qhov cuam tshuam, cov ntawv ntab ntab thawb lub adsorbent daim nyias nyias raws cov kua nplaum, thiab daim nyias nyias tsim lub siab. nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv floating, uas yog hu ua nto siab.
Deg viscosity: Zoo li qhov siab ntawm qhov chaw, qhov viscosity saum npoo yog cov khoom pov thawj los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo molecular. Tshem tawm los ntawm cov hlau zoo hlau platinum nplhaib, yog li ntawd nws lub dav hlau tiv tauj cov dej ntawm lub tank, tig lub nplhaib platinum, lub nplhaib platinum los ntawm cov viscosity ntawm cov dej hindrance, lub amplitude maj mam lwj, raws li qhov chaw viscosity yuav ua tau. ntsuas. Cov txheej txheem yog: ua ntej, qhov kev sim yog ua nyob rau hauv cov dej ntshiab los ntsuas qhov amplitude lwj, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov lwj tom qab tsim ntawm daim nyias nyias yog ntsuas, thiab cov viscosity ntawm daim nyias nyias yog muab los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ob. .
Qhov saum npoo viscosity yog ze ze rau lub solidity ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab txij li thaum lub adsorption daim nyias nyias muaj qhov siab thiab viscosity, nws yuav tsum muaj elasticity. Qhov siab dua qhov saum npoo thiab qhov siab dua qhov viscosity ntawm cov adsorbed membrane, qhov siab dua nws cov elastic modulus. Lub elastic modulus ntawm nto adsorption membrane yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm npuas stabilization.
③ Tsim cov micelles
Dilute cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm surfactants ua raws li cov cai raws li cov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws. Tus nqi ntawm surfactant adsorbed nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov tshuaj nce nrog cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab thaum lub concentration nce mus txog los yog ntau tshaj ib tug tej yam nqi, tus nqi ntawm adsorption tsis nce, thiab cov surfactant molecules tshaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug haphazard. txoj kev los yog tej yam tsis tu ncua. Ob qhov kev coj ua thiab kev xav qhia tias lawv tsim cov koom haum hauv kev daws teeb meem, thiab cov koom haum no hu ua micelles.
Critical Mcelle Concentration (CMC): Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus concentration ntawm cov surfactants tsim micelles hauv kev daws yog hu ua qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration.
④ CMC qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov surfactants.
HLB is the abbreviation of hydrophile lipophile balance, which shows the hydrophilic and lipophilic balance of the hydrophilic and lipophilic group of the surfactant, ie, HLB value of the surfactant. Qhov loj HLB tus nqi qhia tau hais tias ib qho molecule uas muaj zog hydrophilicity thiab tsis muaj zog lipophilicity; conversely, muaj zog lipophilicity thiab qaug zog hydrophilicity.
① Provisions of HLB value
Tus nqi HLB yog tus nqi txheeb ze, yog li thaum tus nqi HLB tsim, raws li tus qauv, HLB tus nqi ntawm paraffin wax, uas tsis muaj cov khoom siv hydrophilic, tau teev tias yog 0, thaum tus nqi HLB ntawm sodium dodecyl sulfate, uas yog ntau cov dej-soluble, yog 40. Yog li ntawd, HLB tus nqi ntawm surfactants feem ntau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1 txog 40. Feem ntau hais lus, emulsifiers nrog HLB tus nqi tsawg dua 10 yog lipophilic, thaum cov ntau dua 10 yog hydrophilic. Yog li, qhov hloov pauv ntawm lipophilic mus rau hydrophilic yog li 10.
Raws li HLB qhov tseem ceeb ntawm surfactants, lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lawv cov kev siv tau tuaj yeem tau txais, raws li qhia hauv Table 1-3.
Ob lub kua dej tsis sib haum, ib qho tawg mus rau lwm qhov raws li cov khoom (tej me me los yog kua siv lead ua kua) tsim cov kab ke hu ua emulsion. Cov txheej txheem no yog thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov vim qhov nce ntawm thaj tsam ntawm ob lub kua dej thaum lub emulsion tsim. Txhawm rau ua kom cov emulsion ruaj khov, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxiv ib feem thib peb - emulsifier kom txo tau lub zog ntawm lub cev. Emulsifier belongs rau surfactant, nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm emulsion. Cov theem ntawm cov emulsion uas muaj raws li cov tee dej yog hu ua lub dispersed theem (los yog theem puab, discontinuous theem), thiab lwm yam theem uas txuas ua ke yog hu ua lub dispersion nruab nrab (los yog txheej txheej, nruam theem).
① Emulsifiers thiab emulsions
Feem ntau emulsions, ib theem yog dej los yog aqueous tov, lwm theem yog cov organic tshuaj tsis miscible nrog dej, xws li roj, ciab, thiab lwm yam. Cov emulsion tsim los ntawm dej thiab roj yuav muab faib ua ob hom raws li lawv dispersion teeb meem: roj. dispersed nyob rau hauv dej los tsim roj-hauv-dej hom emulsion, qhia raws li O / W (roj / dej): dej dispersed nyob rau hauv cov roj los ua roj-hauv-dej hom emulsion, qhia raws li W / O (dej / roj). Complex dej-hauv-roj-hauv-dej W / O / W hom thiab roj-hauv-dej-hauv-roj O / W / O hom ntau-emulsions kuj raug tsim.
Emulsifiers yog siv los ua kom ruaj khov emulsions los ntawm kev txo qhov nro ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab tsim ib leeg-molecule interfacial membrane.
Hauv emulsification ntawm emulsifier yuav tsum:
a: Lub emulsifier yuav tsum muaj peev xwm adsorb lossis txhawb kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob theem, kom cov kev sib tshuam ntawm lub ntsej muag raug txo;
b: Lub emulsifier yuav tsum muab cov khoom rau tus nqi, kom electrostatic repulsion ntawm cov hais, los yog tsim ib tug ruaj khov, viscous tiv thaiv daim nyias nyias nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hais.
Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv los ua ib qho emulsifier yuav tsum muaj cov pab pawg amphiphilic thiaj li yuav emulsify, thiab surfactants tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
② Kev npaj cov txheej txheem ntawm emulsions thiab yam cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsions
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los npaj emulsions: ib qho yog siv cov cuab yeej siv los ua cov kua hauv cov khoom me me hauv lwm cov kua, uas feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam los npaj emulsions; Lwm qhov yog kom yaj cov kua hauv lub xeev molecular hauv lwm cov kua, thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom nws sib sau ua ke kom tsim tau emulsions.
Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ib qho emulsion yog lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv particle aggregation uas ua rau theem sib cais. Emulsions yog thermodynamically unstable systems nrog loj dawb zog. Yog li ntawd, lub thiaj li hu ua stability ntawm ib tug emulsion yog lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau rau lub system kom ncav cuag equilibrium, piv txwv li, lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau rau kev sib cais ntawm ib tug ntawm cov kua nyob rau hauv lub system tshwm sim.
Thaum lub interfacial membrane nrog fatty alcohols, fatty acids thiab fatty amines thiab lwm yam polar organic molecules, daim nyias nyias lub zog ho ntau dua. Qhov no yog vim hais tias, nyob rau hauv lub interfacial adsorption txheej ntawm emulsifier molecules thiab cawv, acids thiab amines thiab lwm yam polar molecules los ua ib tug "complex", thiaj li hais tias lub interfacial daim nyias nyias muaj zog.
Emulsifiers uas muaj ntau tshaj ob lub surfactants hu ua mixed emulsifiers. Mixed emulsifier adsorbed ntawm dej / roj interface; intermolecular kev txiav txim tuaj yeem tsim cov complexes. Vim muaj zog intermolecular kev txiav txim, lub interfacial nro yog txo, tus nqi ntawm emulsifier adsorbed ntawm lub interface yog ho nce, tsim ntawm interfacial membrane ceev, lub zog nce.
Tus nqi ntawm cov kua hlaws dai muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion. emulsions ruaj khov, uas nws cov hlaws ua kua feem ntau raug them. Thaum siv cov ionic emulsifier, cov emulsifier ion adsorbed ntawm lub interface muaj nws lipophilic pab pawg neeg tso rau hauv cov roj theem thiab cov hydrophilic pawg nyob rau hauv cov dej theem, yog li ua rau cov kua hlaws dai. Raws li cov hlaws emulsion nrog tib tus nqi, lawv tawm tsam ib leeg, tsis yooj yim rau agglomerate, kom qhov ruaj khov yog nce. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias ntau emulsifier ions adsorbed ntawm cov hlaws dai, qhov ntau dua tus nqi, qhov muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov hlaws los ntawm agglomeration, qhov ruaj khov ntawm emulsion system.
Lub viscosity ntawm emulsion dispersion nruab nrab muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion. Feem ntau, qhov siab dua qhov viscosity ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersion, qhov siab dua qhov ruaj khov ntawm emulsion. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov viscosity ntawm dispersion nruab nrab yog loj, uas muaj ib tug muaj zog nyhuv ntawm Brownian motion ntawm cov kua hlaws dai thiab slows down kev sib tsoo ntawm cov kua hlaws dai, kom lub system nyob ruaj khov. Feem ntau, cov khoom siv polymer uas tuaj yeem yaj hauv emulsions tuaj yeem ua kom cov viscosity ntawm lub kaw lus thiab ua kom ruaj khov ntawm emulsions siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov polymers kuj tuaj yeem tsim muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas, ua rau cov txheej txheem emulsion ruaj khov.
Qee zaum, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov hmoov hmoov kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov emulsion zoo li ruaj khov. Cov hmoov hmoov yog nyob rau hauv dej, roj los yog interface, nyob ntawm seb cov roj, dej nyob rau hauv lub wetting muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom hmoov, yog hais tias cov hmoov yog tsis kiag li ntub dej, tab sis kuj ntub los ntawm cov roj, yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv dej thiab roj. interface.
Cov hmoov hmoov tsis ua rau cov emulsion ruaj khov vim tias cov hmoov sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov sib txuas ua kom lub ntsej muag sib txuas, uas zoo ib yam li qhov cuam tshuam ntawm interfacial adsorption ntawm emulsifier molecules, yog li ntau ze rau cov khoom hmoov cov khoom yog teem rau ntawm lub interface, qhov ruaj khov dua. emulsion yog.
Surfactants muaj peev xwm ua rau kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm insoluble lossis me ntsis dej-soluble organic tshuaj tom qab tsim micelles hauv cov kua dej, thiab cov tshuaj yog pob tshab nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Cov nyhuv ntawm micelle no hu ua solubilization. Cov surfactant uas tuaj yeem tsim cov solubilization hu ua solubilizer, thiab cov organic teeb meem uas solubilized yog hu ua solubilized teeb meem.
Foam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxuav. Ua Npuas Ncauj yog ib qho kev faib tawm uas cov roj tau tawg hauv cov kua lossis cov khoom, nrog rau cov pa roj raws li cov txheej txheem tawg thiab cov kua lossis cov khoom ua kom tawg, qhov qub hu ua kua ua npuas dej, thaum lub tom kawg yog hu ua npuas dej, xws li xws li foamed yas, foamed iav, foamed cement thiab lwm yam.
(1) Ua npuas ncauj tsim
Los ntawm ua npuas ncauj peb txhais tau hais tias ntawm no ib tug aggregate ntawm huab cua npuas sib cais los ntawm ib tug kua membrane. Hom npuas no ib txwm nce sai sai rau cov kua dej vim qhov sib txawv loj ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov theem dispersed (gas) thiab qhov nruab nrab dispersion (kua), ua ke nrog cov viscosity tsawg ntawm cov kua.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov npuas yog coj cov pa roj ntau ntau rau hauv cov kua, thiab cov npuas hauv cov kua sai sai rov qab los rau saum npoo, tsim cov npuas sib cais los ntawm ib qho me me ntawm cov kua roj.
Ua npuas ncauj muaj ob yam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm morphology: ib tug yog hais tias cov npuas raws li ib tug dispersed theem yog feem ntau polyhedral nyob rau hauv cov duab, qhov no yog vim hais tias ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov npuas, muaj ib tug nyiam rau cov kua zaj duab xis kom nyias thiaj li ua npuas ncauj. polyhedral, thaum cov kua zaj duab xis thins mus rau ib qho twg, nws ua rau npuas tawg; Qhov thib ob yog cov kua ntshiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim ua npuas dej ruaj khov, cov kua uas tuaj yeem tsim ua npuas dej yog tsawg kawg yog ob lossis ntau yam khoom. Aqueous kev daws teeb meem ntawm surfactants yog ib yam ntawm cov tshuab uas nquag ua npuas ncauj, thiab lawv lub peev xwm los tsim ua npuas ncauj kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lwm yam khoom.
Surfactants nrog zoo foaming zog yog hu ua foaming agents. Txawm hais tias tus neeg sawv cev foaming muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej zoo, tab sis cov npuas tsim yuav tsis tuaj yeem tuav tau ntev, uas yog, nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg tsis tas yuav zoo. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej, feem ntau nyob rau hauv tus neeg sawv cev foaming ntxiv cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej, cov khoom siv hu ua foam stabilizer, feem ntau siv stabilizer yog lauryl diethanolamine thiab dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
(2) Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej
Ua npuas ncauj yog cov txheej txheem thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov thiab qhov kawg sib txawv yog tias tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm cov kua hauv lub cev txo qis tom qab cov npuas tawg thiab lub zog dawb txo. Cov txheej txheem defoaming yog txheej txheem uas cov kua membrane sib cais cov roj ua thicker thiab thinner kom txog thaum nws tawg. Yog li ntawd, qhov degree ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov ceev ntawm cov kua paug thiab lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis. Cov hauv qab no tseem cuam tshuam qhov no.
(3) Ua npuas ncauj kev puas tsuaj
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas tsuaj ua npuas ncauj yog los hloov cov xwm txheej uas tsim cov npuas dej los yog tshem tawm cov khoom stabilizing ntawm cov npuas dej, yog li muaj ob qho tib si lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg txoj kev defoaming.
Lub cev defoaming txhais tau tias hloov cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim ua npuas ncauj thaum tswj cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj ua npuas ncauj, xws li kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, kev hloov pauv hauv qhov kub thiab txias thiab kev kho ultrasonic yog txhua txoj hauv kev siv lub cev kom tshem tawm cov npuas dej.
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj defoaming yog ntxiv qee yam tshuaj los cuam tshuam nrog tus neeg sawv cev foaming kom txo tau lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis hauv cov npuas dej thiab yog li txo qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas dej kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm defoaming, cov tshuaj no hu ua defoamers. Feem ntau ntawm cov defoamers yog surfactants. Yog li ntawd, raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm defoaming, defoamer yuav tsum muaj lub peev xwm los txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw, yooj yim rau adsorb rau ntawm qhov chaw, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov adsorption molecules tsis muaj zog, adsorption molecules tau teem rau hauv cov qauv yooj yim dua.
Muaj ntau hom defoamer, tab sis hauv paus, lawv yog tag nrho cov uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants. Non-ionic surfactants muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv ua npuas nyob ze lossis siab dua lawv cov huab cua thiab feem ntau siv los ua defoamers. Cawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov cawv uas muaj cov qauv tsim, fatty acids thiab fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphate esters, silicone roj, thiab lwm yam kuj yog siv los ua cov defoamers zoo heev.
(4) Ua npuas ncauj thiab ntxuav
Tsis muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm kev ua npuas dej thiab kev ntxuav kom zoo thiab cov npuas dej tsis qhia qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ntxuav. Piv txwv li, nonionic surfactants muaj tsawg dua foaming zog dua li xab npum, tab sis lawv decontamination yog zoo dua li xab npum.
Qee zaum, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem pab tshem tawm cov av thiab grime. Piv txwv li, thaum ntxuav tais diav hauv tsev, cov npuas dej ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tau khaws cov roj tee thiab thaum txhuam cov ntaub pua plag, cov npuas dej yuav pab khaws cov plua plav, hmoov thiab lwm yam khoom siv av. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua npuas ncauj qee zaum siv tau los ua qhov qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Vim tias cov roj ntsha muaj roj muaj cov nyhuv inhibiting ntawm cov npuas dej ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, thaum muaj roj ntau dhau thiab cov tshuaj detergent tsawg dhau, tsis muaj npuas yuav tsim los yog cov npuas dej qub yuav ploj mus. Ua npuas ncauj kuj tuaj yeem siv tau los ua ib qho qhia txog kev huv ntawm cov dej yaug, vim tias cov npuas dej hauv cov dej yaug zoo li txo qis nrog kev txo cov tshuaj detergent, yog li cov npuas dej tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas cov qib ntawm cov dej yaug.
Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav dav, kev ntxuav yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis xav tau los ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau ntxuav thiab ua tiav qee lub hom phiaj. Kev ntxuav hauv qhov kev xav ib txwm hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov av tawm ntawm qhov chaw nqa khoom. Hauv kev ntxuav, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov av thiab cov cab kuj tsis muaj zog lossis tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua ntawm qee yam tshuaj (xws li, tshuaj ntxuav tes, thiab lwm yam), kom cov av thiab cov cab kuj hloov mus rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov av thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, thiab Thaum kawg cov av yog sib cais los ntawm cov cab kuj. Raws li cov khoom yuav tsum tau ntxuav thiab cov av yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm yog ntau haiv neeg, kev ntxuav yog ib tug complex txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem yooj yim ntawm kev ntxuav yuav qhia tau nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no yooj yim kev sib raug zoo.
Carrie··Dirt + Detergent = Carrier + Dirt · Detergent
Cov txheej txheem ntxuav feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob theem: ua ntej, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, cov av raug cais tawm ntawm nws cov cab; Thib ob, cov av detached yog dispersed thiab tshem tawm hauv nruab nrab. Cov txheej txheem ntxuav yog cov txheej txheem thim rov qab thiab cov av dispersed thiab tshem tawm hauv nruab nrab kuj tseem tuaj yeem rov ua dua los ntawm qhov nruab nrab mus rau qhov khoom raug ntxuav. Yog li ntawd, ib tug zoo detergent yuav tsum muaj peev xwm mus disperse thiab tshem tawm cov av thiab tiv thaiv redeposition ntawm av, ntxiv rau lub peev xwm tshem tawm cov av los ntawm cov cab kuj.
(1) Hom av
Txawm tias tib yam khoom, hom, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov av tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov chaw uas nws siv. Cov roj av hauv lub cev feem ntau yog qee cov tsiaj txhu thiab zaub roj thiab cov roj ntxhia (xws li roj av, roj av, roj av, thiab lwm yam), cov khoom siv av yog cov hmoov tshauv, xeb, carbon dub, thiab lwm yam. muaj av los ntawm tib neeg lub cev, xws li hws, sebum, ntshav, thiab lwm yam.; av los ntawm cov zaub mov, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo stains, ua noj roj stains, condiment stains, starch, thiab lwm yam.; av los ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, xws li lipstick, ntsia thawv polish, thiab lwm yam.; av los ntawm huab cua, xws li av nplaum, plua plav, av nkos, thiab lwm yam.; lwm yam, xws li number case, tshuaj yej, txheej, thiab lwm yam. Nws los ntawm ntau hom.
Ntau hom av feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb: cov av khoom, kua av thiab cov av tshwj xeeb.
① Khoom av
Cov av uas muaj xws li cov hmoov tshauv, av nkos, lub ntiaj teb, xeb thiab carbon dub. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no muaj cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm lawv qhov chaw, feem ntau ntawm lawv tsis zoo thiab tuaj yeem yooj yim adsorbed ntawm cov khoom fiber ntau. Khoom av feem ntau nyuaj rau yaj hauv dej, tab sis tuaj yeem tawg thiab tshem tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Khoom av nrog me me qhov taw tes yog qhov nyuaj dua tshem tawm.
② Ua kua av
Cov kua av feem ntau yog cov roj-soluble, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov roj, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, ntxhia roj thiab lawv cov oxides. Ntawm lawv, cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov roj, fatty acids thiab alkali saponification tuaj yeem tshwm sim, thaum fatty alcohols, mineral oils tsis saponified los ntawm alkali, tab sis tuaj yeem soluble hauv cawv, ethers thiab hydrocarbon organic solvents, thiab detergent dej tov emulsification thiab dispersion. Roj-soluble kua av feem ntau muaj lub zog muaj zog nrog cov khoom fiber ntau, thiab muaj zog dua adsorbed ntawm fibers.
③ Cov av tshwj xeeb
Cov av tshwj xeeb suav nrog cov protein, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, ntshav, tib neeg cov kua qaub xws li hws, sebum, tso zis thiab kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab tshuaj yej kua txiv. Feem ntau ntawm hom av no tuaj yeem ua tshuaj lom neeg thiab muaj zog adsorbed ntawm cov khoom fiber ntau. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau ntxuav.
Ntau hom av tsis tshua pom nyob ib leeg, tab sis feem ntau sib xyaw ua ke thiab adsorbed rau ntawm cov khoom. Cov av qee zaum tuaj yeem oxidized, decomposed los yog lwj nyob rau hauv sab nraud influences, yog li tsim cov av tshiab.
(2) Adhesion ntawm av
Cov khaub ncaws, tes thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem stained vim tias muaj qee yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom thiab cov av. Av adheres rau cov khoom nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tab sis tsis muaj ntau tshaj li lub cev thiab tshuaj adhesions.
① Cov nplaum nplaum, hmoov av, av nkos, xuab zeb thiab charcoal rau khaub ncaws yog adhesion ntawm lub cev. Feem ntau hais lus, los ntawm qhov adhesion ntawm av, thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom stained yog qhov tsis muaj zog, kev tshem tawm cov av kuj tseem yooj yim. Raws li cov sib txawv zog, lub cev adhesion ntawm av yuav muab faib ua mechanical adhesion thiab electrostatic adhesion.
A: Mechanical adhesion
Hom adhesion no feem ntau yog hais txog adhesion ntawm qee cov av (xws li, plua plav, av nkos thiab xuab zeb). Mechanical adhesion yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj zog ntawm adhesion ntawm cov av thiab tuaj yeem tshem tawm yuav luag los ntawm kev siv tshuab ua kom huv, tab sis thaum cov av me me (<0.1um), nws yog qhov nyuaj dua tshem tawm.
B: Electrostatic adhesion
Electrostatic adhesion feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov nqi av ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Feem ntau cov khoom siv fiber ntau yog qhov tsis zoo rau hauv dej thiab tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim los ntawm qee qhov zoo them av, xws li hom txiv qaub. Qee cov av, txawm hais tias tsis zoo, xws li cov pa roj carbon dub hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, tuaj yeem ua raws cov fibers los ntawm cov txuas hniav ionic (ions ntawm ntau yam khoom sib txawv, ua ke nrog lawv zoo li tus choj) tsim los ntawm cov ions zoo hauv dej (xws li. , Ca2+, Mg2+ thiab lwm yam).
Electrostatic kev txiav txim muaj zog dua li kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, ua rau cov av tshem tawm kuj nyuaj.
② Tshuaj adhesion
Chemical adhesion yog hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov av ua rau ib yam khoom los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg los yog hydrogen bonds. Piv txwv li, polar khoom av, protein, xeb thiab lwm yam adhesion ntawm cov khoom fiber ntau, fibers muaj carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide thiab lwm pab pawg, cov pab pawg no thiab oily av fatty acids, fatty alcohols yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim hydrogen bonds. Cov tshuaj muaj zog feem ntau muaj zog thiab cov av yog li ntawd ruaj khov rau cov khoom. Hom av no nyuaj rau kev tshem tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj thiab yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb los daws nws.
Qhov degree ntawm adhesion ntawm av yog txuam nrog qhov xwm ntawm av nws tus kheej thiab qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom uas nws yog adhered. Feem ntau, cov khoom ua tau yooj yim rau cov khoom fibrous. Qhov me me ntawm qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov khoom av, lub zog adhesion. Polar av ntawm cov khoom siv hydrophilic xws li paj rwb thiab iav adhere ntau dua li cov av tsis-polar. Cov av uas tsis yog-polar adheres ntau zog tshaj polar av, xws li polar fats, plua plav thiab av nplaum, thiab tsis yooj yim rau tshem tawm thiab ntxuav.
(3) Kev tshem tawm cov av
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxuav yog tshem tawm cov av. Hauv qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (tsuas yog dej). Siv ntau yam kev siv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj detergent kom tsis muaj zog lossis tshem tawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov av thiab cov khoom ntxuav, raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee yam khoom siv zog (xws li ntxuav tes, tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, kev cuam tshuam dej), kom cov av thiab cov khoom ntxuav. los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm decontamination.
① Mechanism ntawm kua av tshem tawm
A: Wetting
Liquid soiling feem ntau yog oil-based. Roj stains ntub cov khoom fiber ntau thiab kis ntau dua los yog tsawg dua li cov roj zaj duab xis ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau. Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev ntxuav yog qhov ntub dej ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws. Rau qhov ua piv txwv, qhov saum npoo ntawm fiber ntau tuaj yeem xav tias yog ib qho khoom zoo nkauj.
B: Roj detachment - curling mechanism
Qhov thib ob kauj ruam ntawm kev ntxuav yog tshem tawm cov roj thiab roj, tshem tawm cov kua av yog ua tiav los ntawm ib hom coiling. Cov kua av chiv muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kis tau tus mob zaj duab xis, thiab nyob rau hauv lub nyiam wetting nyhuv ntawm cov dej ntxuav ntawm cov khoom nto (xws li, fiber nto), nws curled mus rau hauv cov roj hlaws dai ib kauj ruam, uas. tau hloov los ntawm cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab nws thiaj li tawm ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tej yam sab nraud quab yuam.
② Mechanism ntawm cov khoom tshem tawm cov av
Kev tshem tawm cov kua av yog tsuas yog los ntawm kev nyiam ntub dej ntawm cov av cab los ntawm kev ntxuav, thaum tshem tawm cov txheej txheem rau cov av sib txawv, qhov txheej txheem ntxuav yog feem ntau hais txog kev ntub dej ntawm cov av loj thiab nws cov khoom nqa los ntawm kev ntxuav. daws. Vim yog cov adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm cov khoom av thiab nws cov khoom nqa nto, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov av thiab qhov chaw raug txo qis thiab lub zog adhesion ntawm cov av loj ntawm qhov chaw raug txo, yog li cov av loj tau yooj yim tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw tus cab kuj.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov adsorption ntawm surfactants, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ionic surfactants, nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom av thiab nws cov cab kuj muaj peev xwm ua rau kom muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom hauv av thiab nws cov cab kuj, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom. av. Khoom lossis feem ntau fibrous nto feem ntau yog tsis zoo them rau hauv aqueous media thiab thiaj li tsim tau diffuse ob txheej hluav taws xob rau ntawm cov av loj lossis cov khoom siv. Vim lub repulsion ntawm homogeneous nqi, lub adhesion ntawm av hais nyob rau hauv cov dej mus rau cov khoom nto yog tsis muaj zog. Thaum ntxiv anionic surfactant, vim tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau tib lub sijhawm nce qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hauv av thiab cov khoom nto, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lawv tau zoo dua, qhov adhesion lub zog ntawm cov khoom yog txo qis, thiab cov av yooj yim dua tshem tawm. .
Non-ionic surfactants yog adsorbed rau ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau thiab txawm hais tias lawv tsis hloov pauv lub peev xwm ntawm lub ntsej muag, cov adsorbed uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants zoo li tsim cov thickness ntawm adsorbed txheej ntawm qhov chaw uas yuav pab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj av.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cationic surfactants, lawv cov adsorption txo los yog tshem tawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov av loj thiab nws cov cab kuj nto, uas txo cov repulsion ntawm cov av thiab qhov chaw thiab yog li ntawd tsis haum rau cov av tshem tawm; Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab adsorption ntawm cov khoom nto, cationic surfactants zoo li tig cov khoom nto hydrophobic thiab yog li tsis tsim nyog rau qhov ntub dej thiab yog li ntxuav.
③ Tshem tawm cov av tshwj xeeb
Protein, starch, tib neeg secretions, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj yej kua txiv thiab lwm yam av no yog nyuaj rau tshem tawm nrog ib txwm surfactants thiab yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb kev kho mob.
Protein stains xws li qab zib, qe, ntshav, mis nyuj thiab daim tawv nqaij excreta yuav coagulate ntawm fibers thiab degeneration thiab tau muaj zog adhesion. Protein av tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev siv cov proteases. Lub enzyme protease zom cov proteins hauv av rau hauv dej-soluble amino acids lossis oligopeptides.
Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab feem ntau yog los ntawm cov khoom noj, lwm yam xws li gravy, kua nplaum thiab lwm yam. Amylase muaj cov nyhuv catalytic ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, ua rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab zom rau hauv cov suab thaj.
Lipase catalyzes lub decomposition ntawm triglycerides, uas yog nyuaj rau tshem tawm los ntawm ib txwm txoj kev, xws li sebum thiab edible roj, thiab lov lawv mus rau hauv soluble glycerol thiab fatty acids.
Qee cov xim stains los ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj yej kua txiv, inks, mem pleev di ncauj thiab lwm yam yog feem ntau nyuaj los ntxuav kom huv si txawm tias tom qab rov ntxuav dua. Cov stains no tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox nrog oxidizing lossis txo tus neeg sawv cev xws li tshuaj dawb, uas rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm cov xim tsim los yog cov pab pawg xim thiab degrades rau hauv cov dej-soluble me me.
(4) Stain tshem tawm mechanism ntawm qhuav tu
Cov saum toj no ua tau rau dej ua qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev ntxuav. Qhov tseeb, vim muaj ntau hom khaub ncaws thiab qauv, qee cov khaub ncaws uas siv dej ntxhua tsis yooj yim lossis tsis yooj yim rau ntxuav, qee cov khaub ncaws tom qab ntxuav thiab txawm deformation, fading, thiab lwm yam, piv txwv li: feem ntau cov fibers ntuj nqus dej thiab yooj yim o, thiab qhuav thiab yooj yim rau shrink, yog li tom qab ntxuav yuav deformed; los ntawm kev ntxuav cov khoom siv ntaub plaub kuj feem ntau tshwm sim shrinkage tshwm sim, qee cov khoom siv ntaub plaub nrog dej ntxuav kuj yooj yim rau pilling, xim hloov; Qee cov silks tes zoo nkaus li hloov zuj zus tom qab ntxuav thiab poob lawv cov luster. Rau cov khaub ncaws no feem ntau siv txoj kev tu kom qhuav kom decontaminate. Lub npe hu ua ziab ziab feem ntau yog hais txog kev ntxuav hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar.
Kev ntxuav kom qhuav yog ib qho kev ntxuav zoo dua li kev ntxuav dej. Vim tias kev tu kom qhuav tsis tas yuav muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau, nws tsis ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj, wrinkling thiab deformation rau cov khaub ncaws, thaum cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav, tsis zoo li dej, tsis tshua muaj kev nthuav dav thiab kev cog lus. Ntev npaum li cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo, cov khaub ncaws tuaj yeem ntxuav kom qhuav yam tsis muaj distortion, xim fading thiab ncua kev pab cuam lub neej.
Hais txog kev tu kom qhuav, muaj peb hom av dav dav.
①Oil-soluble av Roj-soluble av suav nrog txhua yam roj thiab roj, uas yog kua lossis roj thiab tuaj yeem yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj ntxuav qhuav.
② Dej-soluble av Cov dej-soluble av yog soluble nyob rau hauv aqueous daws, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv qhuav tu cov neeg ua hauj, yog adsorbed ntawm cov khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous xeev, dej evaporates tom qab nag los ntawm granular solids, xws li inorganic ntsev, starch, protein, thiab lwm yam.
③ Roj thiab dej insoluble av Roj thiab dej insoluble av yog tsis soluble nyob rau hauv dej los yog soluble nyob rau hauv qhuav tu solvents, xws li carbon dub, silicates ntawm ntau yam hlau thiab oxides, thiab lwm yam.
Vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau hom av, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tshem tawm cov av hauv cov txheej txheem ziab qhuav. Roj-soluble av, xws li tsiaj thiab zaub roj, ntxhia roj thiab roj, yog yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv organic solvents thiab yuav tshem tau yooj yim dua nyob rau hauv qhuav tu. Lub solubility zoo heev ntawm qhuav-tu cov kuab tshuaj rau cov roj thiab cov roj tseem ceeb yog los ntawm van der Walls rog ntawm cov molecules.
Rau kev tshem tawm cov dej-soluble av xws li inorganic ntsev, suab thaj, proteins thiab hws, tus nqi ntawm cov dej yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau tus neeg saib xyuas kom qhuav, txwv tsis pub dej-soluble av yog nyuaj rau tshem tawm ntawm cov khaub ncaws. Txawm li cas los xij, dej tsis yooj yim rau yaj hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom qhuav, yog li txhawm rau kom cov dej ntau ntxiv, koj kuj yuav tsum tau ntxiv surfactants. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov dej hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom qhuav tuaj yeem ua rau cov av thiab cov khaub ncaws hydrated, yog li nws yooj yim rau kev cuam tshuam nrog cov pawg polar ntawm surfactants, uas yog qhov zoo rau adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum surfactants tsim micelles, dej-soluble av thiab dej tuaj yeem solubilized rau hauv micelles. Ntxiv nrog rau kev nce cov dej ntawm cov kuab tshuaj qhuav qhuav, surfactants tseem tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv cov av rov qab los txhim kho cov nyhuv decontamination.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov dej me me yog qhov tsim nyog los tshem tawm cov dej-soluble av, tab sis cov dej ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab wrinkling ntawm qee cov khaub ncaws, yog li cov dej hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav yuav tsum yog nruab nrab.
Cov av uas tsis yog dej-soluble lossis roj-soluble, cov khoom siv xws li tshauv, av nkos, lub ntiaj teb thiab cov pa roj carbon dub, feem ntau txuas rau lub tsho los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los yog ua ke nrog cov roj. Hauv kev tu kom qhuav, qhov ntws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, qhov cuam tshuam tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog electrostatic adsorption ntawm cov av tawm, thiab tus neeg saib xyuas kom qhuav tuaj yeem yaj cov roj, kom cov roj thiab cov av sib xyaw ua ke thiab txuas rau cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom qhuav. -tu tus neeg saib xyuas, tus neeg saib xyuas qhuav qhuav hauv cov dej me me thiab cov surfactants, kom cov neeg tawm ntawm cov khoom hauv av tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov, tawg, tiv thaiv nws cov khoom rov qab rau cov khaub ncaws.
(5) Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau kev ntxuav
Cov kev taw qhia adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm lub interface thiab txo qhov nro (interfacial) nro yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kua los yog cov av. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntxuav yog nyuaj thiab cov nyhuv ntxuav, txawm tias tib hom tshuaj ntxuav tes, yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau lwm yam. Cov yam tseem ceeb no suav nrog qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, qhov kub thiab txias, qhov xwm ntawm cov av, hom fiber ntau thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub.
① Surfactant concentration
Cov micelles ntawm surfactants hauv cov tshuaj ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxuav. Thaum lub concentration nce mus txog qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration (CMC), cov nyhuv ntxuav yuav nce sharply. Yog li ntawd, qhov concentration ntawm detergent nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj yuav tsum siab tshaj tus nqi CMC kom muaj ib tug zoo ntxuav. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum qhov concentration ntawm surfactant siab dua li tus nqi CMC, qhov nce ntxiv hauv kev ntxuav cov nyhuv tsis pom tseeb thiab tsis tas yuav ua kom cov concentration ntawm surfactant ntau dhau.
Thaum tshem tawm cov roj los ntawm solubilization, cov nyhuv solubilization nce nrog nce surfactant concentration, txawm tias cov concentration siab dua CMC. Lub sijhawm no, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes hauv ib qho chaw hauv nruab nrab. Piv txwv li, yog tias muaj ntau cov av ntawm lub cuffs thiab dab tshos ntawm cov tsoos tsho, ib txheej ntawm xab npum tuaj yeem siv thaum ntxuav kom ua kom cov nyhuv solubilizing ntawm surfactant ntawm cov roj.
② Kub muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj paug. Feem ntau, qhov kub thiab txias ua kom yooj yim tshem tawm cov av, tab sis qee zaum qhov kub thiab txias kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Qhov nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov av, cov roj tau yooj yim emulsified ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj nws cov ntsiab lus melting thiab cov fibers nce o vim qhov kub thiab txias, tag nrho cov uas pab tshem tawm cov av. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov ntaub me me, cov microgaps ntawm fibers raug txo qis thaum cov fibers nthuav dav, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev tshem tawm cov av.
Kev hloov kub kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev solubility, CMC tus nqi thiab micelle loj ntawm surfactants, yog li cuam tshuam rau cov nyhuv ntxuav. Lub solubility ntawm surfactants nrog ntev carbon chains yog tsawg nyob rau hauv qis kub thiab tej zaum cov solubility yog txawm qis dua tus nqi CMC, yog li qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tau tsa kom tsim nyog. Cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kub ntawm CMC tus nqi thiab micelle loj yog txawv rau ionic thiab non-ionic surfactants. Rau ionic surfactants, qhov kub thiab txias feem ntau nce CMC tus nqi thiab txo cov micelle loj, uas txhais tau hais tias cov concentration ntawm surfactant hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav yuav tsum tau nce. Rau cov uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants, qhov kub thiab txias ua rau qhov txo qis hauv CMC tus nqi thiab qhov nce ntxiv hauv micelle ntim, yog li nws pom tseeb tias qhov ntsuas kub tsim nyog yuav pab cov uas tsis yog-ionic surfactant ua rau nws cov nyhuv ntog. . Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj nws qhov chaw huab cua.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntxuav kub nyob ntawm seb lub detergent formulation thiab cov khoom raug ntxuav. Qee cov tshuaj ntxuav tes muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes zoo hauv chav sov, thaum lwm tus muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes sib txawv ntawm qhov txias thiab kub ntxuav.
③ Ua npuas ncauj
Nws yog ib txwm ua kom tsis meej pem lub zog ua npuas dej nrog cov nyhuv ntxuav, ntseeg tias cov tshuaj ntxuav tes nrog lub zog ua kom muaj zog muaj qhov zoo ntxuav. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nyhuv ntxuav thiab tus nqi ntawm cov npuas dej. Piv txwv li, kev ntxhua khaub ncaws uas tsis muaj foaming detergents tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li kev ntxuav nrog cov tshuaj detergents siab.
Txawm hais tias ua npuas ncauj tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ntxuav, muaj qee zaus thaum nws pab tshem tawm cov av, piv txwv li, thaum ntxuav tais diav los ntawm tes. Thaum txhuam cov ntaub pua plag, ua npuas ncauj kuj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov plua plav thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv av, cov ntaub pua plag av muaj feem ntau ntawm cov plua plav, yog li cov ntaub pua plag tu yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej.
Foaming fais fab kuj tseem ceeb heev rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau, qhov twg cov npuas dej zoo tsim los ntawm cov kua thaum ntxuav cov plaub hau los yog da dej tawm ntawm cov plaub hau zoo li lubricated thiab xis nyob.
④ Ntau hom fibers thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm textiles
Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov fibers, uas cuam tshuam rau adhesion thiab tshem tawm cov av, cov tsos ntawm cov fibers thiab lub koom haum ntawm cov xov paj thiab ntaub muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tshem tawm cov av.
Cov nplai ntawm wool fibers thiab cov nkhaus tiaj tiaj ribbons ntawm paj rwb fibers yog feem ntau yuav khaws av ntau dua cov fibers du. Piv txwv li, carbon dub stained ntawm cellulose films (viscose films) yog ib qho yooj yim mus tshem tawm, thaum carbon dub stained ntawm paj rwb fabrics yog nyuaj rau ntxuav tawm. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias luv-fiber fabrics ua los ntawm polyester yog feem ntau ua rau cov roj stains ntau dua li cov ntaub fiber ntau ntev, thiab cov roj stains ntawm cov ntaub luv fiber ntau kuj nyuaj rau tshem tawm dua li cov roj stains ntawm cov ntaub fiber ntau ntev.
Tightly twisted yarns thiab nruj fabrics, vim qhov me me ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov fibers, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov av, tab sis tib yam kuj tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kua ntxhua kom tshem tawm cov av sab hauv, yog li cov ntaub ntom ntom pib tiv thaiv av zoo, tab sis ib zaug stained. ntxuav kuj nyuaj dua.
⑤ Hardness ntawm dej
Cov concentration ntawm Ca2+, Mg2+ thiab lwm yam hlau ions hauv dej muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev ntxuav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov anionic surfactants ntsib Ca2+ thiab Mg2+ ions tsim cov calcium thiab magnesium ntsev uas yog soluble tsawg thiab yuav txo nws cov detergency. Hauv cov dej tawv, txawm tias qhov concentration ntawm surfactant siab, qhov detergency tseem phem dua li hauv distillation. Rau cov surfactant kom muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntxuav, qhov concentration ntawm Ca2 + ions hauv dej yuav tsum raug txo kom tsawg rau 1 x 10-6 mol / L (CaCO3 txog 0.1 mg / L) lossis tsawg dua. Qhov no yuav tsum tau sib ntxiv ntawm ntau yam softeners rau detergent.
Post lub sij hawm: Feb-25-2022