Peb cov khoom tseem ceeb: block silicone, hydroxilic silicone, carbon monoxent (fluorone, Uzbekistan, thiab lwm yam

 

Muaj monosodium glutamate, tseem hu ua surfactants, yog hom khoom uas, thaum ntxiv rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsawg (feem ntau yog dej) thiab hloov lub xeev interfacial ntawm lub system; Thaum nws mus txog qee qhov kev xav tau, nws cov qauv sau rau hauv kev daws. Yog li ntawd, nws ua cov ntub dej lossis anti ntub dej, ua kom tawg, ua npuas ncauj, solubilization, ntxhua khaub ncaws, ntxhua khaub ncaws kom tau raws li kev xav tau ntawm cov ntawv thov. Monosodium Glutamate, ua ib umami cov tshuaj, yog ubiquitous nyob rau hauv peb cov zaub mov noj thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Hauv kev lag luam tsim khoom, surfactants yog cov tshuaj sib piv zoo sib xws rau Monosodium Glutamate, uas tsis tas yuav muaj ntau tus nqi thiab tuaj yeem muaj cov teebmeem loj. Cov tshuaj no feem ntau hu ua surfactants.

 

Taw qhia rau sursfactants

 

Surfactants muaj cov qauv zwittericionic molecular: ib qho kawg yog ib pab pawg hydroughilic, tseem hu ua ayophobic pab pawg, uas tuaj yeem tshem cov txiaj ntsig hauv dej ua monomers. Hydrophilic pawg feem ntau polar pawg, uas tuaj yeem yog cov pab pawg carboxyl (- togmonic acid pawg (- so3h), amino pab pawg (- nh2) lossis cov ntsev. Hydroxyl pawg (- ouide pawg, ether Bonds (- O -), thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem yog polar hydrophilic pawg; Lwm qhov kawg yog ib pab pawg hydropsobic, sau cov pab pawg oleophilic, tseem hu ua cov pab pawg hydrophobic lossis hydrophobic. Hydrophobic pawg feem ntau tsis yog-polar hydrocarbon chains, xws li hydrophobic alkyls alkyls alkyls alkyls alkyls alkyls r - (alkyl), AR - (ARYLE), thiab lwm yam.
Surfactants tau muab faib ua Ionic surfactants (suav nrog Cationic thiab Anionic Surfactants), ampicer surfactants, thiab lwm yam surfactants.

Hauv kev daws teeb meem surfactant, thaum lub concentration ntawm surfactant nce mus txog ib qho nqi, cov surfactant molecules yuav ua ntau yam xaj hu ua Micelles. Kev ua raws cai lossis kev tsim ntawm micelles yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem surfactant, thiab qee qhov tseem ceeb interfacial tshwm sim rau kev tsim ntawm Micelles. Qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov surfactants daim ntawv micelles hauv kev daws yog hu ua qhov tseem ceeb mikle concentration (CMC). Micelles tsis yog pauv cov duab kheej, tab sis es tsis muaj xwm txheej tsis xwm yeem thiab siv tau zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev mob, surfactants kuj tseem yuav muaj kev thim rov qab Micelle State.

 

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov tseem ceeb mikle-concentration

 

Cov qauv ntawm surfactants
Ntxiv thiab hom kev sib ntxiv
Tus yam kub

 

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm surfactants thiab protein

 

Proteins muaj cov tsis-ncov qaum, ncov qaumteb qab teb, thiab them ntau pab amphiphilic molecules tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov protein hauv ntau txoj kev. Surfactants tuaj yeem tsim cov molecular tau ua ke nrog cov qauv sib txuas nrog cov qauv sib txawv, xws li lwm yam nrog cov protein kuj sib txawv. Muaj ntau yam electrostatic thiab hydrophobic sib txuas lus ntawm cov protein thiab surfactants pev thiab cov protein thiab cov protein ntau, ntsig txog, ua cov yeeb yaj kiab ps complexes. Tsis ionic surfactants feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov protein los ntawm hydrophobic rog thiab cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm surfactants thiab protein. Yog li, hom, concentration, thiab kev siv cov kab ke ntawm cov surfactants txiav txim siab seb lawv siv cov protein ntau lossis kev sib sau ua ke lossis tawg.

 

HLB tus nqi ntawm surfactant

 

Txhawm rau nthuav tawm cov kev ua tshwj xeeb interfacial, surfactants yuav tsum muaj qee qhov sib npaug ntawm cov pab pawg hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic. Hlwb (hydrophilic lipophilic tshuav nyiaj li cas) yog hydroughilic seem tus nqi ntawm hydrothilic thiab hydrophobic yam ntxwv ntawm surfactants.

Tus nqi HLB yog tus nqi txheeb ze (nruab nrab ntawm 0 thiab 40), xws li tus nqi Hydrophilicity nrog HLB tus nqi ntawm 40. Tus nqi Hydrophilicity nrog rau tus nqi Hydrophilicity nrog kev siv Hydrophilicity nrog rau tus nqi Hydrophilicity nrog kev siv Hydrophilicity nrog kev siv Hydrophilicity nrog kev siv Hydrophilicity nrog kev siv rau kev xaiv Surfactants. Qhov siab dua HLB tus nqi, qhov zoo dua lub hydrophilicity ntawm lub surfactant; Tus me dua tus nqi HLB, tus neeg txom nyem lub hydrophilicity ntawm lub surfactant.
Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm surfactants

 

Emulsification nyhuv

Vim yog lub siab nro ntawm cov roj hauv dej, thaum roj tau poob rau hauv dej thiab sib xyaw ua ke los ua ib qho emulsion, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud pov tseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud pov tseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud pov tseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tab sis cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg Yog hais tias ib tug surfactant yog ntxiv thiab do dag zog, tab sis nws tsis yooj yim cais rau lub sijhawm ntev tom qab nres, qhov no yog emulsification. Qhov laj thawj yog tias cov roj hydrophobicity ntawm cov roj yog puag ncig ntawm cov pab pawg hydrophilic

 

Ntub nyhuv

Muaj feem ntau ib txheej ntawm cov quav ciab, roj, lossis nplai zoo li cov khoom ua kom zoo rau cov nplaim dej, uas yog hydrophobic. Vim yog cov pa phem ntawm cov tshuaj, cov saum npoo ntawm seem tsis yooj yim wetted los ntawm dej. Thaum surfactants yog ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous, cov dej ntws ntawm cov ntu yooj yim dua, txo qhov nro kom nruj ntawm cov ntu thiab ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntub dej

 

Solubilization nyhuv

Tom qab ntxiv surfactants rau cov roj tshuaj, lawv tsuas yog "yaj" tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom siv solubilizing thiab cov khoom. Hais txog solubilization nyhuv, ntev hydrophobic noob chains muaj zog dua li cov tsis muaj zog, thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig yog qhov tseem ceeb dua.

 

Dispersing nyhuv

Cov khoom ntim xws li hmoov av thiab av cov lus yuav nyiam sib sau ua ke thiab sib sau tau yooj yim hauv dej. Cov lwg me me ntawm surfactants tuaj yeem faib cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv kev daws teeb meem me me, ua rau muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom seem.

 

Ua npuas ncauj ua

Qhov tsim ntawm cov npaus yog feem ntau yog vim yog cov lus qhia tawm ntawm cov kev nquag ntawm lub zog tus neeg sawv cev thiab txo cov nyiaj txo ntawm cov roj thiab kua theem. Feem ntau, tsawg molecular tus neeg sawv cev yog ib qho yooj yim rau ua npuas dej, High molecular tus neeg sawv cev muaj cov cuab yeej ua npuas dej ntau dua, thiab sodium stearate muaj cov khoom phem tshaj plaws. Anionic nquag tus neeg sawv cev tau zoo dua ua npuas ncauj vaj tse thiab ua npuas ncauj dua li cov neeg muaj kev nquag ua haujlwm, xws li sodium alkylenzene sulfonate muaj cov cuab yeej muaj zog. Cov Cellulizer feem ntau suav nrog kev haus dej cawv, thiab lwm yam.

 

Kev faib tawm surfactants

 

Surfactants tuaj yeem faib ua anionic surfactants, tsis muaj surfactants, thiab cationic surfactants raws lawv cov qauv molecular.

 

Anionic Surfactant

Sulfonate
Cov neeg ua haujlwm nquag ntawm hom no suav nrog sodium linear alkylbenesulfonate thiab sodium alluchlate thiab sodium allas olined. Sodium linear alkylbenesulfonate, tseem hu ua Las lossis Abs, yog xim dawb lossis daj ua si nrog solubility zoo nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem solubility zoo. Nws yog tus sib luag rau alkali, dilute acid, thiab dej nyuaj. Feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav ua kua ua kua (xab npum ntxuav tais diav) thiab cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws ntxhua khaub ncaws) thiab tsis tshua muaj tshuaj ntxuav tes thiab tsis tshua siv hauv cov gel da dej. Hauv cov xab tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, nws cov koob tshuaj yuav suav txog ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj hauv cov kua tshuaj ntxuav ua kom dav. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke tsim tau siv hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav yog cov ternary system "las (linear alkylbenesulfonate sodium) - FFA (Alkyl Chee Amide)". Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm sodium linear alkylbenesulfonate yog cov muaj zog ruaj khov, thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog rau hauv cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog ntawm tus nqi tsawg. Qhov uas muaj qhov tsis zoo yog tias nws yog kev txhawb siab heev. Sodium Alpha sulfonate, tseem hu ua AOS, yog soluble heev hauv dej thiab muaj kev ruaj khov zoo tshaj li ntau cov p muaj txiaj ntsig. Ntawm cov sulfonic acid ntsev ntau yam, kev ua tau zoo dua. Qhov zoo kawg nkaus zoo yog qhov ruaj khov, cov dej ua kom zoo solubility, zoo sib xws, kev txob siab me, thiab zoo tagnrho microbial degradation. Nws yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab surfactants feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv zawv plaub hau thiab da dej gel. Nws qhov tsis zoo yog tias nws yog kim.

 

Ncauj
Common active agents of this type include sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Sodium Filty Filty Polyoxyylene ether sulfate, tseem hu ua Aes lossis sodium cawv ether sulfate.

Yooj yim rau yaj hauv dej, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv zawv plaub hau, da dej gel, ntxuav tais diav ua cov tshuaj ntxuav), thiab ntxhua khaub ncaws ua kua xab npum. Dej solubility yog qhov zoo dua li sodium dulecyl sulecyl sulecyl sulecyl sulecyl sulecate, thiab nws tuaj yeem npaj rau ib qho kev faib ua cov tshuaj uas muaj cov pa taws. Daim ntawv thov ntawm sodium alkyllenesulfonate nyob rau hauv cov kua xab ua kua muaj ntau thiab tau zoo dua li ntawm cov saw ncaj alkylenulfonate; Nws tuaj yeem sib zog nrog ntau cov surfactants hauv ntau cov ntawv los ua cov kev daws teeb meem muaj aquees. Qhov zoo kawg nkaus zoo yog cov dej qias neeg tsawg, cov dej solubility zoo, zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv tawv nqaij qhuav, tawg, thiab roughness. The disadvantage is that the stability in acidic media is slightly poor, and the cleaning power is inferior to sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Sodium dodecyl sulecyl sulecyl sulecate, tseem hu ua, k12, sodium coylol sulfate, thiab sodium laisyl sulfate tus neeg sawv cev, yog qhov tsis txaus siab rau alkali thiab dej nyuaj. Nws ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov acidic tej yam kev mob yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau qhov dav dav ntawm cov neeg rog thiab ze rau ntawm cov roj ntsha dej cawv polyoxyethylene ether sulfate. Nws yog qhov yooj yim degradable thiab tau muaj kev phom sij ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Thaum siv hauv cov xab npum ua kua, cov acidity yuav tsum tsis txhob siab; Kev siv ntawm ethanbamine lossis ammonium ntsev tsis tuaj yeem tsuas ua kom cov kua qaub kom txo qis, tab sis kuj pab txo kev txob txob. Tsuas yog rau nws lub peev xwm ua npuas ncauj zoo thiab muaj zog ntxuav, nws ua tau zoo rau lwm yam tsis zoo li ntawm cov dej cawv uas tsis zoo ether sulfate. Tus nqi ntawm cov anionic surfactants feem ntau siab dua.

 

Cationic Surfactant

Piv nrog ntau hom surfactants, cationic surfactants muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog, tsis zoo, thiab tus nqi siab. Cationic Surfactants tsis tau ncaj qha rau anionic surfactants thiab tsuas yog siv los ua cov neeg sawv cev lossis cov fungicides. Cationic Surfactants yog siv los ua ib qho surfactants hauv kua xab npab (ua ib qho khoom me me hauv cov qauv) rau cov khoom lag luam qib siab, feem ntau yog rau tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Raws li kev hloov kho tus neeg sawv cev, nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm lwm hom surfactants nyob rau hauv high-kawg kua xab npab zawv plaub hau.

Hom Cationic surfactants xws li hexadecyltrimammonium chloride (1631), cationic bolticone roj, dodecyl Daib Dimethy (18) Oxide (OB-2), thiab lwm yam.

 

Zwitterionic surfactant

Bipolar Surfactants xa mus rau surfactants uas muaj ob pab pawg anionic thiab cationic hydrophilic pawg. Yog li ntawd, cov surfactants kev nthuav qhia cationic cov khoom hauv cov kev daws teeb meem kua qaub, thiab cov yam ntxwv tsis yog-ionic hauv nruab nrab kev daws teeb meem. Bipolar Surfactants yog yooj yim soluble hauv dej, concentrated acid thiab alkali daws teeb meem ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm inorganic ntsev. Lawv muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov dej nyuaj, cov tawv nqaij qis, cov nyhuv zoo, thiab kev sib xyaw zoo nrog ntau yam surfactants. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm amphoter surfactants xws li dodecyl dimethyl betaine thiab carboxylate imidazoline.

 

Tsis-ionic surfactant

Tsis ionic surfactants muaj cov khoom zoo xws li solubilization, ntxuav, tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev txob txob qis, thiab cov tshuaj calcium. Qhov muaj feem cuam p p tsawg yog dav tshaj li ntawm General ionic surfactants; Tsuas yog rau fouling thiab ua npuas dej yam ntxwv, lwm yam khoom yog feem ntau zoo dua rau General anionic surfactants. Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm cov tsis-ionic surfactant rau cov ionic surfactant tuaj yeem nce cov kev ua si ntawm cov kab ke (piv ntawm tib cov khoom siv qub). Cov ntau yam tseem ceeb suav nrog Alkyl CheaL ourides (FFA), rog rog polyoxyylene raug kev raug cai (AE), thiab Alkylphenol Polylougylene raug kev ntseeg (APE lossis OP).

Alkyl CheaGy AMides (FFA) yog chav kawm ntawm cov tsis yog-ionic surfactants nrog kev siv ntau dua, thiab ntau zaus siv hauv ntau lub xab npab. Hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav ua kua, feem ntau nws siv ua ke nrog cov lus hais txog "2: 1" thiab "1.5: 1" (Alkyl Chee: AMIDE). Alkyl Cheawb tawm tuaj yeem siv rau hauv feem ntau yog me ntsis acidic thiab alkaline detergents, thiab yog cov pheej yig tshaj ntawm cov muaj ntau yam ntawm cov surfactants.

 

Daim ntawv thov ntawm Surfactants

Nrog rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev nce qib ntawm kev ua lag luam ntsig txog lwm yam, lub luag haujlwm ntawm surfactants tau dhau los ua ntau zuj zus thiab tob tob. Los ntawm kev tsuas ntawm cov zaub mov thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub zog, kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov enzymes, cov kab ntawm cov kab mob surfactants tuaj yeem pom. Tam sim no, daim ntawv thov ntawm Surfactants tsis yog txwv rau cov neeg sawv cev tu xws li Petrochemicals, kev loj hlob txhua hnub, thiab kev lag luam hluav taws xob, thiab kev lag luam hluav taws xob.

 

Roj tawm
Hauv cov roj tawm, kev siv ntawm dilute dej daws ntawm surfactants lossis concentrated sib xyaw nrog roj thiab dej tau nce cov roj roj rov qab los ntawm 15% mus rau 20%. Vim yog lub peev xwm ntawm surfactants kom txo cov daws viscosity, lawv tau siv thaum lub sijhawm drilling kom txo qis cov roj ntsha viscosity thiab txo lossis tiv thaiv kev puas ntsoog. Nws tseem tuaj yeem ua kom cov laus uas tsis muaj roj tsuag cov tshuaj tsuag.

Kev loj hlob lub zog
Surfactants tseem tuaj yeem pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho lub zog. Nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem tam sim no ntawm kev nce ntiaj teb cov neeg roj lub ntiaj teb thiab cov roj nruj, kev txhim kho cov roj co tshuab hluav taws xob tau muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Ntxiv surfactants rau cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem tsim cov hom roj tshiab nrog cov hluav taws xob siab, uas tuaj yeem hloov roj av raws li lub zog hluav taws xob. Ntxiv emulsifiers rau roj av, diesel, thiab cov roj hnyav tsis tsuas yog txhawb cov roj ua kom sov thiab txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, surfactants muaj qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho lub zog.

Textile Kev Lag Luam Textile
Daim ntawv thov ntawm surfactants nyob rau hauv textile kev lag luam muaj keeb kwm ntev. Cov hluavtaws hluavtaws muaj cov teeb meem xws li roughness, tsis txaus flofinption ntawm plua plav, thiab kev nqus dej tsis zoo rau cov khoom noj kom zoo. Yog tias kho nrog surfactants tshwj xeeb, cov tsis xws hauv hluavtaws fibers tuaj yeem txhim kho zoo heev. Surfactants tseem siv ua cov neeg muag khoom, cov tshuaj tua kab mob, ntub thiab cov neeg sawv cev nkag mus, thiab emulsifiers nyob rau hauv textersad thiab dyeing kev lag luam. Daim ntawv thov ntawm surfactants nyob rau hauv textile luam ntawv thiab tawg kev lag luam yog heev dav.

Hlau ntxuav
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tu kav hlau, cov tshuaj pleev ib txwm muaj xws li cov kuab tshuaj yeeb zoo xws li roj av, thiab carbon tetrachloride. Raws li kev txheeb cais, tus nqi roj siv rau kev ntxuav cov hlau seem hauv Suav teb yog siab li 500000 tons ib xyoos. Dej raws cov neeg sawv cev kom huv cov qauv nrog surfactants tuaj yeem cawm lub zog. Raws li cov kev suav, ib qho tuj ntawm cov hlau tu kom tu 20 tons ntawm cov khoom siv tu ua kom huv si hauv kev txuag hluav taws xob. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hlau nrog surfactants sab nraud kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tsis muaj kuab, tsis muaj kev qias rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig, thiab ua rau ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb. Hom neeg tu tsheb tu no tau siv dav dav rau kev tu sib txawv ntawm cov hlau sib txawv xws li cov tshuab hluav taws xob, cov dav hlau, thiab lwm yam.

Kev Lag Luam Khoom Noj
Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus, surfactants yog ntau ntau cov kev sib ntxiv siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom noj. Zaub mov noj surfactants muaj cov emulsifying zoo heev, ntub dej, tiv thaiv, txuag, thiab flocculation cuam tshuam. Vim yog cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov ncuav mog qab zib, khob cij muag, mayly disperse xws li txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev txhim kho thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo.

Cov kua tshuaj tua kab yog cov kua dej uas emulsion ntawm cov kua, muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev kis nyuaj thaum muaj cov ntoo tawm ntawm cov nplooj ntoo. Yog tias lub surfactant tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tua kab, cov tshuaj pleev xim ntau ntawm cov khoom ua kua, thiab cov tshuaj tua kabmob yooj yim yuav yooj yim rau saum npoo av, yog li nws cov tshuaj tua kab yuav zoo dua.