1. Nto nro
Lub zog quab yuam ib chav tsev ntev ntawm cov kua dej yog hu ua qhov nro, ntsuas hauv N • m-1.
2. Nto ua haujlwm thiab surfactant
Cov cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem txo qhov nro ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog hu ua deg kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov khoom siv nrog cov dej num saum npoo yog hu ua cov tshuaj nquag.
Surfactant hais txog cov khoom ua haujlwm saum npoo av uas tuaj yeem tsim cov micelles thiab lwm yam sib sau ua ke hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, thiab tseem muaj ntub dej, emulsifying, foaming, ntxuav, thiab lwm yam haujlwm.
3. Molecular structural yam ntxwv ntawm surfactant
Surfactant yog cov organic tebchaw nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm ob theem lossis qhov nro ntawm cov kua (feem ntau yog dej), thiab muaj cov khoom xws li ntub dej, foaming, emulsification, thiab ntxuav.
Raws li kev hais lus, surfactants qhia txog cov yam ntxwv uas muaj ob pawg ua haujlwm sib txawv hauv lawv cov molecules. Ib qho kawg yog ib pab pawg ntev uas tsis yog-polar uas yog soluble hauv roj tab sis insoluble hauv dej, hu ua hydrophobic pawg lossis hydrophobic pawg. Cov pawg hydrophobic no feem ntau yog cov saw hlau ntev hydrocarbons, qee zaum kuj yog cov organic fluorine, organosilicon, organophosphorus, organotin chains, thiab lwm yam. Lwm qhov kawg yog cov dej-soluble functional pawg, uas yog pawg hydrophilic lossis pawg hydrophilic. Cov pab pawg hydrophilic yuav tsum muaj hydrophilicity txaus los xyuas kom meej tias tag nrho cov surfactant yog soluble hauv dej thiab muaj qhov tsim nyog solubility. Vim muaj cov hydrophilic thiab hydrophobic pawg nyob rau hauv surfactants, lawv muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ib theem ntawm cov kua theem. Lub hydrophilic thiab oleophilic zog ntawm surfactants hu ua amphiphilicity.
4. Hom surfactants
Surfactants yog amphiphilic molecules uas muaj ob pawg hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic pawg. Cov pawg hydrophobic ntawm surfactants feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov saw hlau ntev hydrocarbons, xws li cov saw ncaj alkyl C8-C20, branched saw alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (nrog 8-16 alkyl carbon atoms), thiab lwm yam. Qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg hydrophobic feem ntau yog lus dag. nyob rau hauv cov qauv kev hloov pauv ntawm carbon hydrogen chains, nrog rau qhov sib txawv me me, thaum muaj ntau hom hydrophilic pab pawg. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom ntawm surfactants feem ntau muaj feem xyuam rau pawg hydrophilic ntxiv rau qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm pawg hydrophobic. Cov qauv kev hloov pauv ntawm pawg hydrophilic yog ntau dua li cov pawg hydrophobic, yog li kev faib tawm ntawm cov surfactants feem ntau yog raws li cov qauv ntawm pawg hydrophilic. Qhov kev faib tawm no feem ntau yog nyob ntawm seb pawg hydrophilic yog ionic, faib rau hauv anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb ntawm surfactants.
5. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm surfactant aqueous tov
① Adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm interfaces
Surfactant molecules muaj lipophilic thiab hydrophilic pawg, ua rau lawv amphiphilic molecules. Dej yog cov kua dej uas muaj zog heev. Thaum surfactants yaj nyob rau hauv dej, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm polarity zoo sib xws thiab polarity sib txawv repulsion, lawv cov hydrophilic pawg yog attracted rau cov dej theem thiab yaj nyob rau hauv dej, thaum lawv lipophilic pawg repel dej thiab tawm hauv dej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, surfactant molecules (los yog ions) adsorb ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob theem, txo qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm ob theem. Qhov ntau surfactant molecules (los yog ions) yog adsorbed ntawm lub interface, qhov ntau dua qhov txo qis hauv kev sib tshuam.
② Qee yam khoom ntawm adsorption membrane
Deg siab ntawm adsorption membrane: Surfactants adsorb ntawm cov roj-kua interface los ua ib qho adsorption membrane. Yog tias lub phaj tsis muaj kev sib txhuam txav tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam thiab lub phaj ntab thawb lub adsorption daim nyias nyias raws li cov kua nplaum, cov membrane exerts ib lub siab ntawm lub phaj ntab, uas yog hu ua deg siab.
Surface viscosity: Zoo li qhov siab ntawm qhov chaw, qhov viscosity saum npoo yog cov khoom pov thawj los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tsis muaj suab thaj. Ncua lub nplhaib platinum nrog cov hlau nyias nyias, ua rau nws lub dav hlau hu rau cov dej ntawm lub dab dej, tig lub nplhaib platinum, lub nplhaib platinum yog hindered los ntawm cov viscosity ntawm cov dej, thiab lub amplitude maj mam attenuates, raws li qhov chaw viscosity. tuaj yeem ntsuas tau. Cov txheej txheem yog: ua ntej kev sim ntawm cov dej ntshiab, ntsuas qhov amplitude attenuation, tom qab ntawd ntsuas qhov attenuation tom qab tsim lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, thiab xam cov viscosity ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ob.
Qhov viscosity nto yog ze ze rau qhov ruaj khov ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag. Txij li cov yeeb yaj kiab adsorption muaj qhov siab thiab viscosity, nws yuav tsum yog elastic. Qhov siab dua qhov siab thiab viscosity ntawm lub adsorption membrane, qhov ntau dua nws elastic modulus. Lub elastic modulus ntawm nto adsorption zaj duab xis yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ua npuas ncauj stabilization.
③ Tsim cov micelles
Cov tshuaj dilute ntawm surfactants ua raws li cov cai ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws. Lub adsorption tus nqi ntawm surfactants nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov tshuaj tsub kom nrog cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj. Thaum cov concentration nce mus txog lossis ntau dua ib qho nqi, tus nqi adsorption tsis nce ntxiv lawm. Cov surfactant molecules ntau dhau hauv cov tshuaj no tsis muaj teeb meem lossis muaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj. Ob qho kev xyaum thiab kev xav tau pom tias lawv tsim cov sib sau ua ke hauv kev daws teeb meem, uas yog hu ua micelles.
Critical micelle concentration: Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus concentration ntawm cov surfactants tsim micelles hauv cov tshuaj hu ua qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration.
④ CMC tus nqi ntawm cov surfactant.
6. Hydrophilic thiab oleophilic equilibrium tus nqi
HLB stands rau hydrophilic lipophilic tshuav nyiaj li cas, uas sawv cev rau cov hydrophilic thiab lipophilic equilibrium qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov hydrophilic thiab lipophilic pawg ntawm ib tug surfactant, piv txwv li lub HLB tus nqi ntawm cov surfactant. Tus nqi HLB siab qhia tias muaj zog hydrophilicity thiab tsis muaj zog lipophilicity ntawm cov molecule; Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws muaj zog lipophilicity thiab tsis muaj zog hydrophilicity.
① Regulations on HLB Value
Tus nqi HLB yog tus nqi txheeb ze, yog li thaum tsim tus nqi HLB, raws li tus qauv, HLB tus nqi ntawm paraffin tsis muaj hydrophilic zog yog teem rau 0, thaum lub HLB tus nqi ntawm sodium dodecyl sulfate nrog cov dej muaj zog solubility yog teem rau 40. , HLB tus nqi ntawm surfactants feem ntau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1-40. Feem ntau hais lus, emulsifiers nrog HLB qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua 10 yog lipophilic, thaum emulsifiers nrog HLB qhov tseem ceeb tshaj 10 yog hydrophilic. Yog li, qhov hloov pauv ntawm lipophilicity mus rau hydrophilicity yog kwv yees li 10.
7. Emulsification thiab solubilization teebmeem
Ob lub kua dej tsis sib haum, ib qho tsim los ntawm cov khoom sib cais (tej dej los yog kua siv lead ua kua) hauv lwm qhov, yog hu ua emulsions. Thaum tsim ib qho emulsion, thaj tsam ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm ob lub kua dej nce, ua rau lub cev thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov. Txhawm rau kom ruaj khov ntawm emulsion, ib feem thib peb - emulsifier - yuav tsum tau ntxiv kom txo tau lub zog ntawm lub cev. Emulsifiers yog cov surfactants, thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua raws li emulsifiers. Cov theem uas cov tee muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho emulsion yog hu ua lub dispersed theem (los yog theem sab hauv, discontinuous theem), thiab lwm yam theem txuas ua ke yog hu ua lub dispersed nruab nrab (los yog lwm theem, nruam theem).
① Emulsifiers thiab emulsions
Cov emulsions muaj xws li ib theem ntawm cov dej los yog aqueous tov, thiab lwm theem ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas yog immiscible nrog dej, xws li roj, waxes, thiab lwm yam. Cov emulsion tsim los ntawm dej thiab roj yuav muab faib ua ob hom raws li lawv dispersion. : roj dispersed hauv dej tsim cov dej hauv cov roj emulsion, sawv cev los ntawm O / W (roj / dej); dej dispersed hauv roj tsim cov dej hauv cov roj emulsion, sawv cev los ntawm W / O (dej / roj). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej hauv cov roj hauv cov dej W / O / W thiab cov roj hauv dej hauv cov roj O / W / O emulsions kuj tuaj yeem tsim.
Lub emulsifier stabilizes lub emulsion los ntawm kev txo cov interfacial nro thiab tsim ib tug monolayer lub ntsej muag daim npog qhov ncauj.
Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj rau emulsifiers hauv emulsification: a: emulsifiers yuav tsum muaj peev xwm adsorb lossis enrich ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob theem, txo qhov nro ntawm lub ntsej muag; b: Emulsifiers yuav tsum muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua rau electrostatic repulsion ntawm cov khoom los yog tsim kom ruaj khov, muaj kuab heev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis nyob ib ncig ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, cov tshuaj siv los ua emulsifiers yuav tsum muaj cov pab pawg amphiphilic kom muaj cov teebmeem emulsifying, thiab surfactants tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
② Kev npaj cov txheej txheem ntawm emulsions thiab yam cuam tshuam rau emulsion stability
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev rau kev npaj emulsions: ib qho yog siv cov txheej txheem siv tshuab kom tawg cov kua rau hauv cov khoom me me hauv lwm cov kua, uas feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam los npaj emulsions; Lwm txoj hauv kev yog kom yaj cov kua hauv lub xeev molecular hauv lwm cov kua thiab tom qab ntawd tso cai rau nws sib sau kom tsim nyog los tsim cov emulsion.
Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsions hais txog lawv lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv particle aggregation thiab ua rau theem sib cais. Emulsions yog cov tshuab thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov nrog lub zog loj dawb. Yog li ntawd, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion tiag tiag yog hais txog lub sijhawm xav tau rau lub kaw lus kom ncav cuag qhov sib npaug, uas yog, lub sijhawm xav tau rau cov kua hauv qhov system cais.
Thaum muaj cov polar organic molecules xws li fatty cawv, fatty acid thiab fatty amine nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag daim npog qhov ncauj, lub zog ntawm daim nyias nyias muaj zog heev. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov emulsifier molecules nyob rau hauv lub interface adsorption txheej cuam tshuam nrog polar molecules xws li cawv, kua qaub thiab amine los ua ib tug "complex", uas ua rau kom lub zog ntawm lub interface lub ntsej muag daim npog qhov ncauj.
Emulsifiers uas muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj surfactants hu ua mixed emulsifiers. Kev sib xyaw emulsifiers adsorb ntawm dej / roj interface, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tuaj yeem tsim cov complexes. Vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam intermolecular muaj zog, qhov nro ntawm lub ntsej muag tau txo qis, tus nqi ntawm emulsifier adsorbed ntawm lub interface yog nce ntxiv, thiab qhov ceev thiab lub zog ntawm lub ntsej muag interfacial lub ntsej muag tau nce.
Tus nqi ntawm cov tee dej muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion. Stable emulsions feem ntau muaj cov tee dej nrog cov nqi hluav taws xob. Thaum siv ionic emulsifiers, cov emulsifier ions adsorbed ntawm lub interface ntxig lawv lipophilic pawg rau hauv cov roj theem, thaum cov pab pawg hydrophilic nyob rau theem dej, yog li ua rau cov tee dej. Vim lub fact tias cov tee dej ntawm cov emulsion nqa tib nqi, lawv repel ib leeg thiab tsis yooj yim agglomerated, ua rau muaj zog stability. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias ntau emulsifier ions adsorbed ntawm cov tee dej, qhov ntau dua lawv cov nqi, thiab lawv lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv cov tee dej coalescence, ua rau cov emulsion system ruaj khov.
Lub viscosity ntawm emulsion dispersion nruab nrab muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion. Feem ntau, qhov siab dua qhov viscosity ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersing, qhov siab dua qhov ruaj khov ntawm emulsion. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov viscosity ntawm dispersing nruab nrab yog siab, uas muaj zog cuam tshuam lub Brownian suab ntawm cov kua tee dej, slows down kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tee dej, thiab ua rau lub system ruaj khov. Polymer tshuaj uas feem ntau yog soluble nyob rau hauv emulsion tuaj yeem ua rau kom lub viscosity ntawm lub cev thiab txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov polymer tseem tuaj yeem tsim lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, ua rau lub cev emulsion ruaj khov dua.
Qee zaum, ntxiv cov hmoov hmoov kuj tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov ntawm emulsion. Cov hmoov hmoov tsis yog nyob rau hauv dej, roj los yog nyob rau hauv lub interface, nyob ntawm seb lub wetting muaj peev xwm ntawm cov roj thiab dej ntawm cov khoom hmoov. Yog hais tias cov hmoov tsis yog tag nrho wetted los ntawm dej thiab tuaj yeem ntub los ntawm cov roj, nws yuav nyob twj ywm ntawm cov dej roj interface.
Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas cov hmoov tsis ruaj khov ntawm emulsion yog tias cov hmoov sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov sib txuas tsis ntxiv dag zog rau lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, uas zoo ib yam li cov khoom sib txuas adsorption emulsifier molecules. Yog li ntawd, qhov ze zog ntawm cov khoom hmoov hmoov yog teem rau ntawm lub interface, qhov ruaj khov emulsion yuav ntau dua.
Surfactants muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas yog insoluble lossis me ntsis soluble hauv dej tom qab tsim micelles hauv cov kua dej, thiab cov tshuaj yog pob tshab nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Cov nyhuv no ntawm micelles hu ua solubilization. Surfactants uas tuaj yeem tsim cov teebmeem solubilizing hu ua solubilizers, thiab cov organic compounds uas solubilized yog hu ua solubilized compounds.
8. Ua npuas ncauj
Foam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxuav. Ua npuas ncauj yog hais txog cov txheej txheem dispersion uas cov roj tau tawg hauv cov kua lossis khoom. Gas yog theem dispersion, thiab kua los yog khoom yog qhov nruab nrab dispersion. Lub qub yog hu ua kua ua npuas ncauj, thaum lub tom kawg yog hu ua ua npuas ncauj, xws li ua npuas ncauj yas, ua npuas ncauj iav, ua npuas ncauj cement, thiab lwm yam.
(1) Kev tsim ua npuas ncauj
Cov npuas ntawm no yog hais txog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm npuas sib cais los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua. Vim tias qhov sib txawv loj ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov theem dispersed (gas) thiab qhov nruab nrab dispersed (kua), thiab cov viscosity tsawg ntawm cov kua, cov npuas dej ib txwm tuaj yeem nce mus rau cov kua theem sai.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ua npuas ncauj yog coj cov pa roj ntau ntau rau hauv cov kua, thiab cov npuas hauv cov kua rov qab mus rau cov kua dej sai sai, tsim cov npuas sib xyaw sib cais los ntawm cov kua thiab cov pa me me.
Ua npuas ncauj muaj ob yam zoo kawg li hauv morphology: ib qho yog tias npuas raws li cov theem dispersed yog feem ntau polyhedral, vim hais tias ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm npuas, muaj ib tug nyiam rau cov kua zaj duab xis los ua thinner, ua npuas polyhedral. Thaum cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua ua thinner rau qee qhov, cov npuas yuav tawg; Qhov thib ob, cov kua ntshiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim ua npuas dej ruaj khov, tab sis cov kua uas tuaj yeem tsim ua npuas dej yog tsawg kawg yog ob lossis ntau yam khoom. Lub aqueous tov ntawm surfactant yog ib tug raug system yooj yim los tsim ua npuas ncauj, thiab nws muaj peev xwm tsim ua npuas ncauj kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lwm yam khoom.
Surfactants nrog zoo foaming muaj peev xwm hu ua foaming agents. Txawm hais tias tus neeg sawv cev foaming muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej zoo, cov ntaub ntawv tsim ua npuas yuav tsis tuaj yeem tuav tau ntev, uas yog, nws qhov ruaj khov yuav tsis zoo. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej, ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej feem ntau yog ntxiv rau cov neeg ua npuas ncauj, uas yog hu ua npuas stabilizer. Feem ntau siv ua npuas ncauj stabilizers yog lauroyl diethanolamine thiab dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Stability ntawm npuas
Ua npuas ncauj yog cov txheej txheem thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov, thiab qhov kawg sib txawv yog tias tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm cov kua hauv lub cev txo qis thiab lub zog dawb txo qis tom qab npuas tawg. Cov txheej txheem defoaming yog cov txheej txheem uas cov kua zaj duab xis sib cais cov roj hloov thickness kom txog thaum nws tawg. Yog li ntawd, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm npuas yog tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ceev ntawm cov kua paug thiab lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis. Muaj ob peb lwm yam cuam tshuam.
① Nto nro
Los ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov pom, qhov nro qis yog qhov zoo dua rau kev tsim ua npuas ncauj, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem lav qhov ruaj khov ntawm npuas. Tsis tshua muaj qhov nro, tsis tshua muaj siab sib txawv, ua kua dej qeeb qeeb, thiab ua kua ua kua zaj duab xis maj mam thinning yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm npuas.
② Nto viscosity
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas txiav txim siab qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas dej yog lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis, uas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov firmness ntawm cov khoom adsorption zaj duab xis, ntsuas los ntawm qhov chaw viscosity. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias cov npuas dej uas tsim los ntawm kev daws nrog cov viscosity siab dua saum npoo muaj lub neej ntev dua. Qhov no yog vim qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm adsorbed molecules ntawm qhov chaw ua rau kom muaj zog ntawm daim nyias nyias, yog li txhim kho lub neej ntawm npuas.
③ Kev daws viscosity
Thaum lub viscosity ntawm cov kua nws tus kheej nce, cov kua nyob rau hauv cov kua zaj duab xis yog tsis yooj yim rau tso tawm, thiab qhov ceev ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis thickness thinning yog qeeb, uas ncua lub sij hawm ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis rupture thiab tsub kom lub stability ntawm lub npuas. .
④ Cov 'kho' cov nyhuv ntawm qhov nro
Surfactants adsorbed rau saum npoo ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv qhov nthuav dav lossis kev cog lus ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis nto, uas peb xa mus rau kev kho cov nyhuv. Qhov no yog vim hais tias muaj ib tug ua kua zaj duab xis ntawm surfactants adsorbed rau ntawm qhov chaw, thiab nthuav nws deg cheeb tsam yuav txo tau cov concentration ntawm nto adsorbed molecules thiab ua rau kom nto nro. Kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm qhov chaw yuav xav tau kev siv zog ntau dua. Conversely, deg cheeb tsam shrinkage yuav ua rau kom cov concentration ntawm adsorbed molecules nyob rau saum npoo, txo cov nto nro thiab cuam tshuam ntxiv shrinkage.
⑤ Lub diffusion ntawm roj los ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis
Vim muaj qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm capillary siab, lub siab ntawm cov npuas me me hauv cov npuas dej yog siab dua li cov npuas loj, uas yuav ua rau cov pa roj hauv cov npuas me me kom diffuse mus rau qhov tsis tshua muaj siab loj npuas los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua, ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim. tias cov npuas me me ua rau me me, cov npuas loj yuav loj dua, thiab thaum kawg cov npuas tawg. Yog tias ntxiv surfactant, cov npuas dej yuav zoo ib yam thiab ntom thaum foaming, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau defoamer. Txij li cov surfactant yog ze rau ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ventilate, uas ua rau cov npuas dej ruaj khov.
⑥ Kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus nqi saum npoo
Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv ua npuas dej tau them nrog cov cim tib yam, ob qhov chaw ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis yuav tawm tsam ib leeg, tiv thaiv cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua los ntawm thinning los yog kev puas tsuaj. Ionic surfactants tuaj yeem muab cov nyhuv stabilizing.
Hauv kev xaus, lub zog ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua yog qhov tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas dej. Raws li ib tug surfactant rau foaming agents thiab ua npuas ncauj stabilizers, lub nruj thiab firmness ntawm nto adsorbed molecules yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Thaum muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov adsorbed molecules ntawm qhov chaw muaj zog, cov adsorbed molecules tau zoo sib xws, uas tsis tsuas yog ua rau lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag nws tus kheej muaj zog, tab sis kuj ua rau cov tshuaj nyob ib sab ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag nyuaj rau ntws vim qhov siab nto viscosity, yog li nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau cov kua zaj duab xis kom ntws, thiab lub thickness ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis yog yooj yim los tswj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tuaj yeem txo cov permeability ntawm cov roj molecules thiab yog li ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov npuas dej.
(3) Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov npuas dej
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev rhuav tshem ua npuas ncauj yog hloov cov xwm txheej rau kev tsim ua npuas ncauj lossis tshem tawm qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas dej, yog li muaj ob txoj hauv kev defoaming, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Lub cev defoaming yog hloov cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv uas ua npuas ncauj yog generated thaum tswj cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm foam kua unchanged. Piv txwv li, kev quab yuam sab nraud, qhov kub thiab txias hloov pauv thiab kev kho ultrasonic yog txhua txoj hauv kev siv lub cev kom tshem tawm cov npuas dej.
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj defoaming yog ntxiv qee yam tshuaj los cuam tshuam nrog tus neeg sawv cev foaming, txo lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis hauv cov npuas dej, thiab tom qab ntawd txo qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas dej kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm defoaming. Cov tshuaj no hu ua defoamers. Feem ntau defoamers yog surfactants. Yog li ntawd, raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm defoaming, defoamers yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txo cov qauv lwg me me, ua rau muaj cov txheej txheem xoob ntawm adsorbed molecules.
Muaj ntau hom defoamers, tab sis lawv feem ntau tsis yog-ionic surfactants. Tsis yog ionic surfactants muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv foaming nyob ze lossis siab dua lawv cov huab cua thiab feem ntau siv los ua defoamers. Cawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj cov qauv tsim, fatty acids thiab esters, polyamides, phosphates, silicone roj, thiab lwm yam, kuj yog siv los ua cov defoamers zoo heev.
(4) Ua npuas ncauj thiab ntxuav
Tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov npuas dej thiab cov nyhuv ntxuav, thiab cov npuas dej tsis tau txhais hais tias cov nyhuv ntxuav yog zoo los yog phem. Piv txwv li, cov foaming kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants yog nyob deb inferior rau xab npum, tab sis lawv lub zog ntxuav yog zoo dua li xab npum.
Qee zaum, ua npuas ncauj yog pab tau tshem tawm cov av. Piv txwv li, thaum ntxuav tais diav hauv tsev, cov npuas dej ntawm cov xab npum tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov roj tee ntxuav; Thaum txhuam cov ntaub pua plag, ua npuas dej yuav pab tshem tawm cov av xws li hmoov av thiab hmoov av. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem siv tau los ua ib qho kev qhia txog seb cov tshuaj ntxuav tes puas zoo, vim tias cov roj stains tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov npuas dej ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Thaum muaj cov roj ntau dhau thiab cov tshuaj detergent tsawg dhau, yuav tsis muaj npuas lossis cov npuas dej qub yuav ploj mus. Qee lub sij hawm, ua npuas ncauj kuj tseem siv tau los ua qhov taw qhia ntawm seb qhov dej huv huv. Vim tias tus nqi ntawm cov npuas dej hauv cov tshuaj yaug zoo li txo qis nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj detergent, qhov degree ntawm cov dej yaug tuaj yeem ntsuas los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov npuas dej.
9. Cov txheej txheem ntxuav
Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav, kev ntxuav yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis xav tau los ntawm cov khoom raug ntxuav thiab ua tiav ib lub hom phiaj. Kev ntxuav hauv qhov kev xav ib txwm hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov av tawm ntawm qhov chaw nqa khoom. Thaum ntxuav, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov av thiab cov cab kuj tsis muaj zog lossis tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua ntawm qee yam tshuaj lom neeg (xws li cov tshuaj detergents), hloov cov av thiab cov cab cab mus rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov av thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, thaum kawg ua rau cov av thiab cov cab kuj tshem tawm. . Raws li cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau ntxuav thiab cov av yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm yog ntau haiv neeg, kev ntxuav yog ib tug complex txheej txheem, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxuav yuav sawv cev los ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv qab no.
Carrier • Dirt+Detergent=Carrier+Dirt • Detergent
Cov txheej txheem ntxuav feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob theem: ib qho yog kev sib cais ntawm cov av thiab nws cov cab kuj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm detergent; Qhov thib ob yog tias cov av detached yog dispersed thiab tshem tawm hauv nruab nrab. Cov txheej txheem ntxhua khaub ncaws yog txheej txheem thim rov qab, thiab cov av uas tau tawg lossis raug tshem tawm hauv nruab nrab kuj tseem tuaj yeem rov ua dua los ntawm qhov nruab nrab mus rau khaub ncaws. Yog li ntawd, ib qho tshuaj ntxuav tes zoo heev yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov av los ntawm cov cab kuj, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm ua kom tawg tau zoo thiab tshem tawm cov av, thiab tiv thaiv cov av los ntawm kev tso tawm dua.
(1) Hom av
Txawm tias tib yam khoom, hom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov av yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov chaw siv. Cov roj av hauv lub cev feem ntau suav nrog cov tsiaj txhu thiab zaub roj, nrog rau cov roj ntxhia (xws li roj av, roj av, roj av, thiab lwm yam), thaum cov khoom siv av feem ntau suav nrog cov pa taws, plua plav, xeb, carbon dub, thiab lwm yam. khaub ncaws av, muaj av los ntawm tib neeg lub cev, xws li hws, sebum, ntshav, thiab lwm yam; Cov av los ntawm cov khoom noj, xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo stains, edible oil stains, seasoning stains, starch, thiab lwm yam; Cov av coj los ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, xws li lipstick thiab ntsia thawv polish; Cov av los ntawm huab cua, xws li cov pa taws, plua plav, av, thiab lwm yam; Lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws li number case, tshuaj yej, xim, thiab lwm yam. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias muaj ntau yam thiab ntau hom.
Ntau hom av feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: khoom av, kua av, thiab av tshwj xeeb.
① Cov av muaj xws li cov hmoov tshauv, av nkos, av, xeb, thiab carbon dub. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no muaj tus nqi saum npoo, feem ntau tsis zoo, thiab yooj yim adsorbed rau cov khoom fibrous. Feem ntau, cov av tsis yooj yim rau yaj hauv dej, tab sis tuaj yeem tawg thiab tshem tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj detergent. Khoom av nrog cov khoom me me yog qhov nyuaj rau tshem tawm.
② Cov kua av feem ntau yog cov roj soluble, suav nrog cov tsiaj txhu thiab zaub roj, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mineral oils, thiab lawv cov oxides. Ntawm lawv, tsiaj txhu thiab zaub roj thiab cov roj fatty acids tuaj yeem ua rau saponification nrog alkali, thaum cov roj cawv thiab cov roj ntxhia tsis yog saponified los ntawm alkali, tab sis tuaj yeem yaj hauv cawv, ethers, thiab hydrocarbon organic solvents, thiab emulsified thiab dispersed los ntawm detergent aqueous daws. . Roj soluble kua av feem ntau muaj zog sib cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom fibrous thiab adsorbs khov kho ntawm fibers.
③ Cov av tshwj xeeb suav nrog cov protein, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, ntshav, tib neeg cov kua qaub xws li hws, sebum, zis, nrog rau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau ntawm cov av no tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv fiber ntau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, ntxuav nws yog qhov nyuaj heev.
Ntau hom av tsis tshua muaj nyob ib leeg, feem ntau sib xyaw ua ke thiab adsorbed ua ke ntawm cov khoom. Cov av qee zaum tuaj yeem oxidize, decompose, los yog lwj nyob rau hauv sab nraud influences, uas ua rau tsim cov av tshiab.
(2) Cov nyhuv adhesion ntawm av
Qhov laj thawj vim li cas cov khaub ncaws, tes, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem ua qias tuaj yog vim muaj qee yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom thiab av. Muaj ntau yam adhesion los ntawm cov av ntawm cov khoom, tab sis lawv feem ntau yog lub cev adhesion thiab tshuaj adhesion.
① Lub cev adhesion ntawm luam yeeb tshauv, hmoov av, sediment, carbon dub, thiab lwm yam khoom rau khaub ncaws. Feem ntau hais lus, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov av nplaum thiab cov khoom tsis huv yog qhov tsis muaj zog, thiab kev tshem tawm cov av kuj tseem yooj yim. Raws li kev sib txawv zog, lub cev adhesion ntawm av yuav muab faib ua mechanical adhesion thiab electrostatic adhesion.
A: Mechanical adhesion feem ntau yog hais txog adhesion ntawm cov khoom av xws li hmoov av thiab sediment. Mechanical adhesion yog ib txoj kev tsis muaj zog adhesion rau cov av, uas yuav luag raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev siv tshuab yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum qhov me me ntawm cov av me me (<0.1um), nws nyuaj dua rau tshem tawm.
B: Electrostatic adhesion feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov nqi av ntawm cov khoom nrog cov nqi sib txawv. Feem ntau cov khoom siv fiber ntau nqa cov nqi tsis zoo hauv dej thiab yooj yim ua raws li cov av zoo xws li txiv qaub. Qee cov av, txawm hais tias tsis zoo, xws li cov pa roj carbon dub hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, tuaj yeem ua raws cov fibers los ntawm cov txuas txuas ion uas tsim los ntawm cov ions zoo (xws li Ca2+, Mg2+, thiab lwm yam) hauv dej (ions ua ke ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv, ua haujlwm zoo li choj).
Cov hluav taws xob zoo li qub muaj zog dua li kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, ua rau nws nyuaj rau tshem tawm cov av.
③ Tshem tawm cov av tshwj xeeb
Protein, starch, tib neeg secretions, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj yej kua txiv thiab lwm yam av yog nyuaj rau tshem tawm nrog surfactants dav thiab yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb txoj kev kho mob.
Protein stains xws li qab zib, qe, ntshav, mis nyuj, thiab daim tawv nqaij excreta yog feem ntau ua rau coagulation thiab denaturation ntawm fibers, thiab adheres ntau nrees. Rau cov fouling protein, protease tuaj yeem siv los tshem tawm nws. Cov protease tuaj yeem zom cov proteins hauv av rau hauv dej-soluble amino acids lossis oligopeptides.
Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab feem ntau yog los ntawm cov khoom noj, thaum lwm tus xws li cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, muab tshuaj txhuam, thiab lwm yam Starch enzymes muaj cov nyhuv catalytic rau hydrolysis ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, zom cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab rau hauv cov suab thaj.
Lipase tuaj yeem ua rau cov decomposition ntawm qee cov triglycerides uas nyuaj rau tshem tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem, xws li sebum secreted los ntawm tib neeg lub cev, edible oils, thiab lwm yam., kom zom cov triglycerides rau hauv soluble glycerol thiab fatty acids.
Qee cov xim stains los ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, kua mem, mem pleev di ncauj, thiab lwm yam yog feem ntau nyuaj rau kev ntxuav kom huv txawm tias tom qab rov ntxuav dua. Hom stain no tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv oxidants lossis txo cov neeg ua haujlwm xws li tshuaj dawb, uas rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm chromophore lossis chromophore pawg thiab degrade rau hauv cov dej-soluble me me.
Los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev tu kom qhuav, muaj kwv yees li peb hom av.
① Roj soluble av muaj xws li ntau yam roj thiab roj, uas yog kua los yog greasy thiab soluble nyob rau hauv qhuav tu cov kuab tshuaj.
② Dej soluble av yog soluble nyob rau hauv aqueous tov, tab sis insoluble nyob rau hauv qhuav tu cov neeg ua hauj. Nws adsorbs mus rau khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug aqueous tov, thiab tom qab cov dej evaporates, granular solids xws li inorganic ntsev, starch, proteins, thiab lwm yam yog precipitated.
③ Cov dej tsis muaj dej tsis sib haum yog cov dej tsis sib haum hauv cov dej thiab cov kuab tshuaj qhuav qhuav, xws li carbon dub, ntau yam hlau silicates, thiab oxides.
Vim muaj cov khoom sib txawv ntawm ntau hom av, muaj ntau txoj kev tshem tawm cov av thaum lub sij hawm ntxuav qhuav. Roj soluble av, xws li tsiaj txhu thiab zaub roj, roj ntxhia, thiab rog, yog yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents thiab yuav yooj yim tshem tawm thaum lub sij hawm qhuav tu. Qhov zoo heev solubility ntawm qhuav tu cov kuab tshuaj rau cov roj thiab roj yog qhov tseem ceeb vim van der Waals rog ntawm molecules.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov dej-soluble av xws li inorganic ntsev, suab thaj, proteins, hws, thiab lwm yam, nws tseem yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov dej tsim nyog rau tus neeg saib xyuas kom qhuav, txwv tsis pub dej-soluble av yog qhov nyuaj rau tshem tawm ntawm khaub ncaws. . Tab sis dej tsis yooj yim rau yaj hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav, yog li txhawm rau kom cov dej ntau ntxiv, cov surfactants yuav tsum tau ntxiv. Cov dej tam sim no hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav tuaj yeem ua kom cov av thiab cov khaub ncaws saum npoo, ua kom yooj yim rau kev cuam tshuam nrog cov pawg polar ntawm surfactants, uas yog qhov zoo rau cov adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum surfactants tsim micelles, dej-soluble av thiab dej tuaj yeem solubilized rau hauv micelles. Surfactants tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog nce cov dej hauv cov kuab tshuaj qhuav qhuav, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv cov av rov qab los txhim kho cov nyhuv tu.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov dej me me yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tshem tawm cov dej-soluble av, tab sis cov dej ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau qee cov khaub ncaws deform, wrinkle, thiab lwm yam, yog li cov dej hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes qhuav yuav tsum yog me ntsis.
Cov khoom siv xws li tshauv, av nkos, av, thiab cov pa roj carbon dub, uas tsis yog dej-soluble lossis roj soluble, feem ntau ua raws li cov khaub ncaws los ntawm electrostatic adsorption lossis los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog cov roj stains. Hauv kev tu kom qhuav, qhov ntws thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem ua rau cov av adsorbed los ntawm electrostatic zog kom poob, thaum cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav tuaj yeem yaj cov roj stains, ua rau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov roj stains thiab ua raws li cov khaub ncaws kom poob ntawm qhov qhuav. tus neeg saib xyuas tu. Cov dej me me thiab cov surfactants hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav tuaj yeem ruaj khov thiab tshem tawm cov khoom hauv av uas poob, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev tso rau ntawm cov khaub ncaws dua.
(5) Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau kev ntxhua khaub ncaws
Cov kev taw qhia adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm lub interface thiab txo qhov nto (interfacial) nro yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm cov kua los yog khoom fouling. Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntxuav yog qhov nyuaj, thiab txawm tias cov nyhuv ntxuav ntawm tib hom tshuaj ntxuav tes raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau lwm yam. Cov yam tseem ceeb no muaj xws li cov concentration ntawm detergent, kub, xwm ntawm av, hom fiber, thiab ntaub qauv.
① Concentration ntawm surfactants
Cov micelles ntawm surfactants hauv cov tshuaj ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxuav. Thaum cov concentration nce mus txog qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration (cmc), cov nyhuv ntxuav yuav nce sharply. Yog li ntawd, qhov concentration ntawm detergent nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj yuav tsum siab tshaj tus nqi CMC thiaj li ua tau zoo ntxuav cov nyhuv. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov concentration ntawm surfactants ntau tshaj qhov CMC tus nqi, qhov ua kom cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua kom tsawg dua, thiab kev nce ntxiv hauv surfactant concentration yog qhov tsis tsim nyog.
Thaum siv solubilization kom tshem tawm cov roj stains, txawm tias qhov concentration siab dua tus nqi CMC, cov nyhuv solubilization tseem nce nrog qhov nce ntawm surfactant concentration. Lub sijhawm no, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes hauv zos, xws li ntawm lub cuffs thiab dab tshos ntawm cov khaub ncaws uas muaj cov av ntau. Thaum ntxuav, ib txheej ntawm xab npum tuaj yeem siv ua ntej los txhim kho cov nyhuv solubilization ntawm surfactants ntawm cov roj stains.
② Kub muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev ntxuav. Zuag qhia tag nrho, nce qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov zoo rau kev tshem tawm cov av, tab sis qee zaum qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Kev nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov zoo rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov av. Cov roj stains tau yooj yim emulsified thaum qhov kub thiab txias siab tshaj lawv qhov melting point, thiab fibers kuj nce lawv cov degree ntawm expansion vim qhov kub thiab txias. Cov yam ntxwv no yog txhua yam zoo rau kev tshem tawm cov av. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov ncab nruj, micro qhov sib txawv ntawm cov fibers yog txo qis tom qab kev nthuav dav fiber ntau, uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tshem tawm ntawm av.
Kev hloov kub kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev solubility, CMC tus nqi, thiab micelle loj ntawm surfactants, yog li cuam tshuam rau cov nyhuv ntxuav. Ntev carbon saw surfactants muaj qis solubility ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab qee zaum txawm solubility qis dua li tus nqi CMC. Hauv qhov no, qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tau nce kom tsim nyog. Cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kub ntawm CMC tus nqi thiab micelle loj yog txawv rau ionic thiab non-ionic surfactants. Rau ionic surfactants, qhov nce hauv qhov kub feem ntau ua rau qhov nce ntawm CMC tus nqi thiab txo qis hauv micelle loj. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov concentration ntawm surfactants yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav. Rau cov uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants, nce qhov kub thiab txias ua rau txo qis hauv lawv cov CMC tus nqi thiab nce qhov loj ntawm lawv cov micelle. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov ntsuas kub kom tsim nyog tuaj yeem pab cov uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants tawm tsam lawv cov dej num saum npoo av. Tab sis qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj nws qhov taw tes huab.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntxuav kub yog hais txog cov mis ntawm detergent thiab cov khoom raug ntxuav. Qee cov tshuaj detergents muaj kev tu zoo ntawm chav tsev kub, thaum qee cov tshuaj ntxuav tes muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ntxuav kom txias thiab kub.
③ Ua npuas ncauj
Cov tib neeg feem ntau tsis meej pem lub peev xwm ua npuas dej nrog cov nyhuv ntxuav, ntseeg tias cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas muaj zog foaming muaj peev xwm ntxuav tau zoo dua. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov nyhuv ntxuav tsis ncaj qha rau ntawm cov npuas dej. Piv txwv li, siv cov tshuaj detergent uas tsis tshua muaj foaming rau kev ntxhua khaub ncaws tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam kev ntxhua khaub ncaws ntau dua li cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws ua npuas ncauj.
Txawm hais tias ua npuas ncauj tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ntxuav, ua npuas ncauj tseem yuav pab tshem tawm cov av hauv qee qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, ua npuas dej ntawm lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws tuaj yeem nqa cov roj poob thaum ntxuav tais diav los ntawm tes. Thaum txhuam cov ntaub pua plag, ua npuas ncauj kuj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov khoom hauv av xws li plua plav. Plua plav nyiaj rau ntau feem ntawm cov ntaub pua plag av, yog li cov ntaub pua plag tsev yuav tsum muaj qee yam ua npuas ncauj.
Foaming hwj chim kuj tseem ceeb rau zawv plaub hau. Cov npuas dej zoo tsim los ntawm cov kua dej thaum ntxuav cov plaub hau lossis da dej ua rau tib neeg xis nyob.
④ Hom fibers thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm textiles
Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv tshuaj ntawm fibers cuam tshuam rau adhesion thiab tshem tawm cov av, cov tsos ntawm fibers thiab lub koom haum qauv ntawm yarns thiab fabrics kuj muaj feem xyuam rau qhov nyuaj ntawm cov av tshem tawm.
Cov nplai ntawm wool fibers thiab lub tiaj tiaj zoo li cov qauv ntawm cov paj rwb fibers yog qhov yooj yim rau cov av ntau dua li cov fibers du. Piv txwv li, carbon dub adhered rau cellulose zaj duab xis (adhesive zaj duab xis) yog ib qho yooj yim mus tshem tawm, thaum carbon dub adhered rau paj rwb ntaub yog yooj yim los ntxuav tawm. Piv txwv li, polyester luv fiber ntau yog yooj yim rau accumulating roj stains tshaj ntev fiber ntau fabrics, thiab cov roj stains ntawm luv fiber ntau fabrics kuj nyuaj rau tshem tawm tshaj cov nyob rau hauv fibers ntev fabrics.
Tightly twisted yarns thiab nruj fabrics, vim yog me me qhov sib txawv ntawm fibers, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov av, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv kev ntxuav los ntawm kev tshem tawm hauv av. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntom ntom muaj qhov ua tau zoo rau cov av thaum pib, tab sis nws kuj yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev ntxuav ib zaug.
⑤ Lub hardness ntawm dej
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau ions xws li Ca2 + thiab Mg2 + hauv dej muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev ntxuav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum anionic surfactants ntsib Ca2 + thiab Mg2 + ions los tsim cov calcium thiab magnesium ntsev nrog cov dej tsis zoo, uas tuaj yeem txo lawv lub peev xwm ntxuav. . Txawm hais tias qhov concentration ntawm surfactants siab nyob rau hauv cov dej nyuaj, lawv cov nyhuv tu tseem tseem phem dua li hauv distillation. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj surfactants, qhov concentration ntawm Ca2 + ions hauv dej yuav tsum raug txo kom qis dua 1 × 10-6mol / L (CaCO3 yuav tsum txo qis rau 0.1mg / L). Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntxiv ntau yam softeners rau lub detergent.
Post lub sij hawm: Aug-16-2024