Cov kab lus no tsom mus rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm Gemini Surfactants, uas xav tias yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tua cov kab mob thiab tuaj yeem muab qee yam kev pab cuam qeeb qeeb ntawm kev kis tus kabmob tshiab.
Surfactant, uas yog ib qho kev cog lus ntawm cov kab lus Surface, Active thiab Agent. Surfactants yog cov khoom uas ua haujlwm rau ntawm qhov chaw thiab kev sib tshuam thiab muaj peev xwm thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev txo qis qhov chaw (txheej txheem) nro, tsim molecularly txiav txim los ua ke hauv cov kev daws teeb meem saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm qee qhov kev xav tau thiab yog li muaj ntau yam kev thov ua haujlwm. Surfactants muaj qhov zoo dispersibility, wettability, emulsification muaj peev xwm, thiab antistatic zog, thiab tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lub teb, nrog rau cov teb ntawm cov tshuaj zoo, thiab muaj ib tug tseem ceeb pab nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem, txo lub zog noj, thiab nce ntau lawm efficiency. . Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg thiab kev vam meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev lag luam theem, daim ntawv thov ntawm surfactants tau maj mam kis los ntawm cov tshuaj siv niaj hnub mus rau ntau yam kev lag luam ntawm lub teb chaws, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob, khoom noj khoom haus additives, tshiab zog teb, kev kho cov pa phem thiab. biopharmaceuticals.
Cov pa surfactants yog "amphiphilic" cov tebchaw uas muaj cov pawg polar hydrophilic thiab nonpolar hydrophobic pawg, thiab lawv cov qauv molecular tau qhia hauv daim duab 1(a).
Tam sim no, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev ua kom zoo thiab kev tsim kho hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv surfactant hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog maj mam nce, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los nrhiav thiab tsim cov surfactants nrog cov khoom saum npoo siab dua thiab nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Kev tshawb pom ntawm Gemini Surfactants txuas cov qhov khoob no thiab ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam. Ib qho Gemini surfactant yog ib qho chaw nrog ob pawg hydrophilic (feem ntau ionic lossis nonionic nrog cov khoom siv hydrophilic) thiab ob txoj hlua hydrophobic alkyl.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 1(b), sib piv rau cov pa ib leeg-chain surfactants, Gemini Surfactants txuas ob pawg hydrophilic ua ke los ntawm ib pawg sib txuas (spacer). Hauv luv luv, cov qauv ntawm Gemini surfactant tuaj yeem nkag siab tau tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas lus zoo ntawm ob pawg hydrophilic lub taub hau ntawm cov pa surfactant ua ke nrog cov pab pawg sib txuas.
Cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm Gemini Surfactant ua rau nws qhov kev ua haujlwm siab, uas yog vim li cas:
(1) txhim kho cov nyhuv hydrophobic ntawm ob lub hydrophobic tail chains ntawm Gemini Surfactant molecule thiab nce siab nyiam ntawm cov surfactant tawm hauv cov kua dej.
(2) Lub siab nyiam ntawm pawg hydrophilic lub taub hau sib cais los ntawm ib leeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ionic lub taub hau pawg vim electrostatic repulsion, yog qhov tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm spacer;
(3) Cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm Gemini Surfactants cuam tshuam rau lawv tus cwj pwm sib sau ua ke hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, muab lawv ntau dua thiab sib txawv morphology.
Gemini Surfactants muaj ntau dua qhov chaw (kwv yees) kev ua haujlwm, qis dua qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration, zoo dua wettability, muaj peev xwm emulsification thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob piv nrog cov pa surfactants. Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho thiab kev siv ntawm Gemini Surfactants yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev txhim kho thiab siv cov surfactants.
Cov "amphiphilic qauv" ntawm cov pa surfactants muab lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 1(c), thaum ib tug pa surfactant ntxiv rau hauv dej, cov hydrophilic lub taub hau pab pawg neeg yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov aqueous tov, thiab cov hydrophobic pab pawg neeg inhibits lub dissolution ntawm surfactant molecule nyob rau hauv dej. Raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob txoj hauv kev no, cov surfactant molecules yog enriched ntawm cov roj-kua interface thiab ua raws li kev tswj hwm, yog li txo qhov nro ntawm dej. Tsis zoo li cov pa surfactants, Gemini Surfactants yog "dimers" uas txuas cov pa surfactants ua ke los ntawm pawg spacer, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov nro ntawm cov dej thiab cov roj / dej sib cuam tshuam zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, Gemini Surfactants muaj qis dua qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentrations, zoo dua dej solubility, emulsification, foaming, wetting thiab antibacterial zog.
| Taw qhia ntawm Gemini Surfactants Xyoo 1991, Menger thiab Littau [13] tau npaj thawj bis-alkyl saw surfactant nrog cov pab pawg sib txuas, thiab hu ua "Gemini surfactant". Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Zana li al [14] tau npaj ib tug series ntawm quaternary ammonium ntsev Gemini Surfactants thawj zaug thiab systematically soj ntsuam cov khoom ntawm no series ntawm quaternary ammonium ntsev Gemini Surfactants. Xyoo 1996, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nthuav dav thiab sib tham txog tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov chaw (txheej txheem), kev sib sau ua ke, kev daws teeb meem rheology thiab theem tus cwj pwm ntawm Gemini Surfactants sib txawv thaum sib xyaw nrog cov pa surfactants. Hauv xyoo 2002, Zana [15] tau tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Gemini Surfactants hauv cov kua dej, ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo heev rau kev txhim kho cov surfactants thiab tseem ceeb heev. Tom qab ntawd, Qiu et al [16] tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev sib txuas ntawm Gemini Surfactants uas muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb raws li cetyl bromide thiab 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, uas ntxiv dag zog rau txoj hauv kev. Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Gemini Surfactants hauv Suav teb pib lig; Nyob rau hauv 1999, Jianxi Zhao los ntawm Fuzhou University tau ua ib qho kev tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws ntawm Gemini Surfactants thiab nyiam cov xim ntawm ntau lub tsev tshawb fawb hauv Suav teb. Tom qab ntawd, kev tshawb fawb ntawm Gemini Surfactants hauv Suav teb pib vam meej thiab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau lawv tus kheej rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Gemini Surfactants tshiab thiab kev kawm txog lawv cov khoom muaj feem xyuam rau physicochemical. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv thov ntawm Gemini Surfactants tau maj mam tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, khoom noj khoom haus, defoaming thiab ua npuas ncauj inhibition, tshuaj qeeb tso tawm thiab kev ua haujlwm tu. Raws li seb cov pab pawg hydrophilic hauv surfactant molecules raug them los yog tsis thiab hom nqi lawv nqa, Gemini Surfactants tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: cationic, anionic, nonionic thiab amphoteric Gemini Surfactants. Ntawm lawv, cationic Gemini Surfactants feem ntau yog xa mus rau quaternary ammonium lossis ammonium ntsev Gemini Surfactants, anionic Gemini Surfactants feem ntau yog xa mus rau Gemini Surfactants uas nws pawg hydrophilic yog sulfonic acid, phosphate thiab carboxylic acid, thaum nonionic Gemini Surfactants feem ntau yog polyoxyethylene Gemini.
1.1 Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Cationic Gemini Surfactants tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov cations hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, feem ntau yog ammonium thiab quaternary ammonium ntsev Gemini Surfactants. Cationic Gemini Surfactants muaj biodegradability zoo, muaj zog decontamination muaj peev xwm, ruaj khov tshuaj, tsis muaj toxicity, yooj yim qauv, yooj yim synthesis, yooj yim sib cais thiab purification, thiab kuj muaj bactericidal zog, anticorrosion, antistatic zog thiab softness.
Quaternary ammonium ntsev-raws li Gemini Surfactants feem ntau yog npaj los ntawm tertiary amines los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkylation. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev ua hluavtaws raws li hauv qab no: ib qho yog quaternize dibromo-hloov alkanes thiab ib leeg-chain ntev alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines; Lwm qhov yog quaternize 1-bromo-hloov cov saw ntev alkanes thiab N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl alkyl diamines nrog anhydrous ethanol ua hnyav thiab cua sov reflux. Txawm li cas los xij, dibromo-substituted alkanes yog kim dua thiab feem ntau ua ke los ntawm txoj kev thib ob, thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pom hauv daim duab 2.
1.2 Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Anionic Gemini Surfactants tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov anions hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, feem ntau sulfonates, sulfate ntsev, carboxylates thiab phosphate ntsev hom Gemini Surfactants. Anionic surfactants muaj cov khoom zoo dua qub xws li decontamination, foaming, dispersion, emulsification thiab ntub dej, thiab tau dav siv los ua cov tshuaj detergents, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers thiab dispersants.
1.2.1 Sulfonates
Sulfonate-based biosurfactants muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov dej zoo solubility, zoo wettability, zoo kub thiab ntsev tsis kam, zoo detergency, thiab muaj zog dispersing muaj peev xwm, thiab lawv tau lug siv ua detergents, foaming agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, thiab dispersants nyob rau hauv roj av, Kev lag luam textile, thiab cov tshuaj siv niaj hnub siv vim lawv cov khoom siv dav dav, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yooj yim, thiab cov nqi qis. Li thiab al synthesized ib tug series ntawm tshiab dialkyl disulfonic acid Gemini Surfactants (2Cn-SCT), ib tug raug sulfonate-hom baryonic surfactant, siv trichloramine, aliphatic amine thiab taurine raws li raw cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug peb-kauj ruam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
1.2.2 Sulfate ntsev
Sulfate ester ntsev doublet surfactants muaj qhov zoo ntawm ultra-low nto nro, kev ua haujlwm siab, dej solubility, dav ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab kuj yooj yim synthesis. Nws kuj muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ntxuav thiab ua npuas dej, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov hauv dej tawv, thiab sulfate ester ntsev yog nruab nrab lossis me ntsis alkaline hauv cov kua dej. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 3, Sun Dong thiab al siv lauric acid thiab polyethylene glycol ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab ntxiv sulfate ester bonds los ntawm kev hloov, esterification thiab ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, yog li synthesizing sulfate ester ntsev hom baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Carboxylic acid ntsev
Carboxylate-based Gemini Surfactants feem ntau yog me me, ntsuab, yooj yim biodegradable thiab muaj ib qho chaw nplua nuj ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov khoom siv hlau siab, cov dej tsis zoo thiab calcium xab npum dispersion, zoo foaming thiab wetting zog, thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv pharmaceuticals, textiles, tshuaj zoo thiab lwm yam teb. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov pab pawg amide hauv carboxylate-based biosurfactants tuaj yeem txhim kho biodegradability ntawm surfactant molecules thiab tseem ua rau lawv muaj dej ntub dej zoo, emulsification, dispersion thiab decontamination zog. Mei et al synthesized carboxylate-based baryonic surfactant CGS-2 uas muaj amide pawg siv dodecylamine, dibromoethane thiab succinic anhydride ua raw khoom.
1.2.4 Phosphate ntsev
Phosphate ester ntsev hom Gemini Surfactants muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws rau cov phospholipids ntuj thiab nquag tsim cov qauv xws li rov qab micelles thiab vesicles. Phosphate ester ntsev hom Gemini Surfactants tau dav siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov ntxhua khaub ncaws ntxhua khaub ncaws, thaum lawv cov khoom emulsification siab thiab qis qis tau ua rau lawv siv dav hauv kev tu tus kheej. Qee cov phosphate esters tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab ntau yam tshuaj tau tsim. Phosphate ester ntsev hom biosurfactants muaj cov khoom emulsification siab rau cov tshuaj tua kab thiab tuaj yeem siv tsis yog tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab tab sis kuj yog tshuaj tua kab. Zheng et al tau kawm txog cov synthesis ntawm phosphate ester ntsev Gemini Surfactants los ntawm P2O5 thiab ortho-quat-based oligomeric diols, uas muaj cov nyhuv wetting zoo dua, zoo antistatic zog, thiab cov txheej txheem synthesis yooj yim nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv me me. Cov mis mos molecular ntawm cov poov tshuaj phosphate ntsev baryonic surfactant yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 4.
1.3 Tsis yog-ionic Gemini Surfactants
Nonionic Gemini Surfactants tsis tuaj yeem sib cais hauv cov kua dej thiab muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv molecular. Hom baryonic surfactant no tau kawm tsawg dua li tam sim no, thiab muaj ob hom, ib qho yog cov qab zib derivative thiab lwm yam yog cawv ether thiab phenol ether. Nonionic Gemini Surfactants tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev ionic hauv kev daws, yog li lawv muaj kev ruaj ntseg siab, tsis yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm cov electrolytes muaj zog, muaj kev sib txuam zoo nrog lwm hom surfactants, thiab muaj cov solubility zoo. Yog li ntawd, nonionic surfactants muaj ntau yam khoom xws li zoo detergency, dispersibility, emulsification, foaming, wettability, antistatic khoom thiab sterilization, thiab tuaj yeem siv dav hauv ntau yam xws li tshuaj tua kab thiab txheej. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 5, nyob rau hauv 2004, FitzGerald thiab al synthesized polyoxyethylene raws li Gemini Surfactants (nonionic surfactants), uas nws cov qauv tau qhia raws li (Cn-2H2n-3CHCH2O(CH2CH2O)mH)2(CH2)6 (los yog GemnEm).
02 Physicochemical zog ntawm Gemini Surfactants
2.1 Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Gemini Surfactants
Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab ncaj qha tshaj plaws los ntsuas qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm surfactants yog ntsuas qhov nro ntawm lawv cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous. Raws li txoj cai, surfactants txo qhov nro ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm qhov chaw (kem ciam) dav hlau (Daim duab 1(c)). Qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration (CMC) ntawm Gemini Surfactants yog ntau tshaj ob qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj me thiab C20 tus nqi qis dua piv rau cov pa surfactants nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws. Lub baryonic surfactant molecule muaj ob pawg hydrophilic uas pab nws tswj cov dej solubility zoo thaum muaj cov hlua ntev hydrophobic ntev. Nyob rau hauv cov dej / huab cua interface, cov pa surfactants yog loosely teem vim lub spatial qhov chaw tiv thaiv nyhuv thiab lub repulsion ntawm homogeneous nqi nyob rau hauv lub molecules, yog li tsis muaj zog lawv lub peev xwm los txo qhov nro ntawm dej. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov pab pawg sib txuas ntawm Gemini Surfactants tau sib koom ua ke kom qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob pawg hydrophilic khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib qho me me (ntau me dua qhov kev ncua deb ntawm pawg hydrophilic ntawm cov pa surfactants), uas ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm Gemini Surfactants ntawm saum npoo (kwv yees).
2.2 Cov qauv sib dhos ntawm Gemini Surfactants
Nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous, raws li qhov concentration ntawm baryonic surfactant nce, nws cov molecules saturate saum npoo ntawm cov tshuaj, uas nyob rau hauv lem quab yuam lwm molecules tsiv mus rau sab hauv ntawm cov tshuaj tsim micelles. Qhov concentration ntawm cov surfactant pib tsim micelles hu ua Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 9, tom qab cov concentration yog ntau dua CMC, tsis zoo li cov pa surfactants uas aggregate rau spherical micelles, Gemini Surfactants tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm micelle morphologies, xws li linear thiab bilayer lug, vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv yam ntxwv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm micelle loj, cov duab thiab hydration muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau theem tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom rheological ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab tseem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj viscoelasticity. Cov pa surfactants, xws li anionic surfactants (SDS), feem ntau tsim cov micelles kheej kheej, uas yuav luag tsis cuam tshuam rau viscosity ntawm cov tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm Gemini Surfactants ua rau kev tsim cov micelle morphology ntau dua thiab cov khoom ntawm lawv cov kev daws teeb meem sib txawv ntawm cov pa surfactants. Lub viscosity ntawm aqueous daws ntawm Gemini Surfactants nce nrog nce concentration ntawm Gemini Surfactants, tej zaum vim hais tias cov tsim linear micelles intertwine rau hauv ib lub web-zoo li qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov viscosity ntawm cov tshuaj txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm surfactant concentration, tej zaum vim yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub vev xaib qauv thiab tsim ntawm lwm cov qauv micelle.
03 Antimicrobial zog ntawm Gemini Surfactants
Raws li ib yam ntawm cov organic antimicrobial tus neeg sawv cev, lub antimicrobial mechanism ntawm baryonic surfactant yog tsuas yog hais tias nws combines nrog anions nyob rau hauv lub cell membrane ntawm cov kab mob los yog reacts nrog sulfhydryl pawg los cuam tshuam cov zus tau tej cov proteins thiab cell membranes, yog li rhuav tshem microbial ntaub so ntswg. los yog tua kab mob.
3.1 Antimicrobial zog ntawm anionic Gemini Surfactants
Cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob anionic surfactants yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas lawv nqa. Hauv cov tshuaj colloidal xws li ntuj latexes thiab coatings, hydrophilic chains khi rau cov dej-soluble dispersants, thiab hydrophobic chains yuav khi rau hydrophobic dispersions los ntawm directional adsorption, yog li transforming ob-theem interface rau hauv ib tug ntom molecular interfacial zaj duab xis. Cov kab mob inhibitory pawg ntawm cov txheej tiv thaiv ntom ntom no inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob inhibition ntawm anionic surfactants yog qhov txawv ntawm cov cationic surfactants. Cov kab mob inhibition ntawm anionic surfactants muaj feem xyuam rau lawv cov kev daws teeb meem thiab cov pab pawg inhibition, yog li hom surfactant no tuaj yeem txwv. Hom surfactant no yuav tsum muaj nyob rau theem txaus kom cov surfactant muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub ces kaum ntawm lub cev los tsim cov nyhuv microbicidal zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hom surfactant no tsis muaj qhov chaw thiab lub hom phiaj, uas tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau cov khib nyiab tsis tsim nyog, tab sis kuj tsim kev tawm tsam rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Ua piv txwv, alkyl sulfonate-based biosurfactants tau siv hauv kev kho mob tshuaj. Alkyl sulfonates, xws li Busulfan thiab Treosulfan, feem ntau yog kho cov kab mob myeloproliferative, ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm guanine thiab ureapurine, thaum qhov kev hloov pauv no tsis tuaj yeem kho los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj ntawm tes, ua rau apoptotic cell tuag.
3.2 Antimicrobial zog ntawm cationic Gemini Surfactants
Lub ntsiab hom cationic Gemini Surfactants tsim yog quaternary ammonium ntsev hom Gemini Surfactants. Quaternary ammonium hom cationic Gemini Surfactants muaj zog bactericidal nyhuv vim muaj ob hydrophobic ntev alkane chains nyob rau hauv quaternary ammonium hom baryonic surfactant molecules, thiab cov hydrophobic chains tsim hydrophobic adsorption nrog lub cell phab ntsa (peptidoglycan); Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj ob qhov txiaj ntsig zoo nitrogen ions, uas yuav txhawb nqa cov adsorption ntawm surfactant molecules rau saum npoo ntawm cov kab mob tsis zoo, thiab los ntawm kev nkag mus thiab nthuav tawm, cov saw hlau hydrophobic nkag mus tob rau hauv cov kab mob cell membrane lipid txheej, permeability ntawm cell membrane, ua rau rupture ntawm cov kab mob, ntxiv rau hydrophilic pawg sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv cov protein, ua rau poob ntawm enzyme kev ua si thiab protein denaturation, vim muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob qhov teebmeem, ua rau cov fungicide muaj ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes. muaj zog bactericidal nyhuv.
Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm kev pom, cov surfactants no muaj cov haujlwm hemolytic thiab cytotoxicity, thiab ntev dua kev sib cuag nrog cov kab mob hauv dej thiab biodegradation tuaj yeem ua rau lawv cov tshuaj lom.
3.3 Antibacterial thaj chaw ntawm nonionic Gemini Surfactants
Tam sim no muaj ob hom nonionic Gemini Surfactants, ib qho yog qab zib derivative thiab lwm yam yog cawv ether thiab phenol ether.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov piam thaj-derived biosurfactants yog raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov molecules, thiab qab zib-derived surfactants tuaj yeem khi rau cell membranes, uas muaj ntau cov phospholipids. Thaum cov concentration ntawm qab zib derivatives surfactants nce mus txog ib theem, nws hloov lub permeability ntawm lub cell membrane, tsim pores thiab ion raws, uas cuam tshuam rau kev thauj cov as-ham thiab roj pauv, ua rau lub outflow ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab nws thiaj li ua rau tuag ntawm cov as-ham. kab mob.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm phenolic thiab cawv ethers cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog ua rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes lossis cell membrane thiab enzymes, thaiv kev ua haujlwm metabolic thiab cuam tshuam cov haujlwm ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm diphenyl ethers thiab lawv cov derivatives (phenols) yog immersed nyob rau hauv cov kab mob los yog kab mob hlwb thiab ua los ntawm lub cell phab ntsa thiab cell membrane, inhibiting qhov kev txiav txim thiab kev ua ntawm enzymes uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov synthesis ntawm nucleic acids thiab cov proteins, txwv tsis pub cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm diphenyl ethers. kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Nws tseem ua rau tuag tes tuag taw cov metabolism thiab ua pa ntawm cov enzymes hauv cov kab mob, uas tom qab ntawd ua tsis tiav.
3.4 Antibacterial thaj chaw ntawm amphoteric Gemini Surfactants
Amphoteric Gemini Surfactants yog ib chav kawm ntawm surfactants uas muaj ob qho tib si cations thiab anions hauv lawv cov qauv molecular, tuaj yeem ionize hauv cov kua dej, thiab nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm anionic surfactants nyob rau hauv ib qho kev mob nruab nrab thiab cationic surfactants hauv lwm qhov nruab nrab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob inhibition ntawm amphoteric surfactants yog inconclusive, tab sis nws yog feem ntau ntseeg hais tias qhov inhibition yuav zoo ib yam li cov quaternary ammonium surfactants, qhov twg cov surfactant yog yooj yim adsorbed ntawm cov kab mob tsis zoo thiab cuam tshuam cov kab mob metabolism.
3.4.1 Antimicrobial zog ntawm amino acid Gemini Surfactants
Amino acid hom baryonic surfactant yog cationic amphoteric baryonic surfactant muaj li ntawm ob amino acids, yog li nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo ib yam li quaternary ammonium ntsev hom baryonic surfactant. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov surfactant yog nyiam mus rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob los yog kab mob ntawm qhov chaw vim muaj kev cuam tshuam electrostatic, thiab tom qab ntawd cov saw hlau hydrophobic khi rau lipid bilayer, ua rau efflux ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes thiab lysis mus txog thaum tuag. Nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm quaternary ammonium-based Gemini Surfactants: yooj yim biodegradability, qis hemolytic kev ua haujlwm, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom, yog li nws tau tsim rau nws daim ntawv thov thiab nws daim ntawv thov tau nthuav dav.
3.4.2 Antibacterial thaj chaw ntawm non-amino acid hom Gemini Surfactants
Cov uas tsis yog-amino acid hom amphoteric Gemini Surfactants muaj cov active molecular residues uas muaj ob qho tib si non-ionizable zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi chaw. Lub ntsiab tsis-amino acid hom Gemini Surfactants yog betaine, imidazoline, thiab amine oxide. Noj betaine hom ua piv txwv, betaine-hom amphoteric surfactants muaj ob pawg anionic thiab cationic hauv lawv cov molecules, uas tsis yooj yim cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsev inorganic thiab muaj cov teebmeem surfactant nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si acidic thiab alkaline daws, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cationic Gemini Surfactants yog. ua raws li cov kua qaub thiab cov anionic Gemini Surfactants hauv cov tshuaj alkaline. Nws kuj muaj kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm zoo nrog lwm hom surfactants.
04 Kev xaus thiab kev pom
Gemini Surfactants tau siv ntau zuj zus hauv lub neej vim lawv cov qauv tshwj xeeb, thiab lawv tau siv dav hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj kab mob, khoom noj khoom haus, defoaming thiab ua npuas ncauj inhibition, tshuaj tua kab mob qeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm tu. Nrog rau qhov kev thov ntau ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntsuab, Gemini Surfactants tau maj mam tsim mus rau hauv ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab ntau yam surfactants. Kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej ntawm Gemini Surfactants tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv cov hauv qab no: tsim cov Gemini Surfactants tshiab nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntxiv dag zog rau kev tshawb fawb txog tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob; compounding nrog cov surfactants los yog additives los tsim cov khoom nrog kev ua tau zoo dua; thiab siv cov khoom pheej yig thiab yooj yim muaj cov khoom siv los ua ke ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg Gemini Surfactants.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-25-2022