Kab lus no tsom rau cov antimicrobial tshuab ntawm Gemini los, uas yuav tsum muaj kev ua haujlwm hauv kev tua cov kab mob thiab tuaj yeem muab qee qhov kev pab hauv kev kis tus kab mob tshiab.
Surfactant, uas yog ib qho kev cog lus ntawm cov kab lus saum npoo av, nquag thiab tus neeg sawv cev. Surfactants yog cov tshuaj uas muaj cov chaw nyob ntawm thaj chaw thiab cuam tshuam thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo dua qub, ua kom muaj peev xwm sib dhos, kev ua kom zoo dua qub, ua kom muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv cov kev sib tw sib txawv thiab yog li muaj ntau cov ntawv thov haujlwm. Surfactants muaj zoo dispersibility, wettity, emulsification muaj peev xwm rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem, thiab tau siv zog siv hluav taws xob, thiab ua kom muaj zog ntau dua. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg thiab kev nce qib txuas ntxiv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev hauv ntiaj teb, xws li cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv Tebchaws, xws li cov tshuaj tua kab mob ib txwm muaj rau kev kho mob txhua hnub, tshiab lub zog chaw, kev kho tshiab, cov kuab paug thiab cov kuab paug tshiab.
Cov pab pawg Amphiphilic "Amphiphilic" cov lus teb hydrophilic, thiab lawv cov qauv molrophobic tau pom hauv daim duab 1 (a).
Tam sim no, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua kom zoo thiab ua haujlwm rau kev tsim khoom lag luam, yog qhov tseem ceeb kom pom thiab txhim kho surfactants nrog cov khoom siab dua thiab nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm Gemini Surfactants Txuas txuas ntxiv rau cov khoob thiab ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam tsim khoom. Ib lub gemini surfactant yog ib qho compound nrog ob pawg hydroughilic (feem ntau ionic lossis tsis muaj hydrophilic cov khoom) thiab ob lub pob zeb hydrophobic alkyl.
Raws li muaj nyob hauv daim duab 1 (b), hauv kev sib piv rau ib leeg-sawin surfactants, Gemini Surfactants Txuas Txuas ob Hydrophilic pawg ua ke los ntawm kev sib txuas pawg (txuas ntxiv). Hauv ntej, tus qauv ntawm Gemini Surfactant tuaj yeem to taub raws li tsim los ntawm cleeverly bonding ob hydleastal surfactant ua ke nrog kev sib txuas pawg.
Tus qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm Gemini Surfactant ua rau nws cov kev ua si siab, uas yog vim yog:
(1) Cov nyhuv hydrophobic nyhuv ntawm ob lub pob hydrophobic tw saw ntawm lub Gemini Surfactant Molecule thiab nce siab ntawm surfactant kom tawm ntawm cov tshuaj aqueous.
(2) Qhov kev nyiam ntawm hydrophilic lub taub hau pab pawg sib cais, tshwj xeeb yog electrostatic repulsion, yog cov muaj zog tsis muaj zog los ntawm tus nplaim taws;
(3) Tus qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm Gemini Comfactants cuam tshuam rau lawv tus cwj pwm hauv a
Gemini Surfactants muaj qhov chaw siab dua (thaj chaw) kev ua si, qis dua cov tswv yim thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo dua thiab cov tshuaj tua kabmob uas muaj peev xwm piv nrog surfactants. Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov gemini los yog muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv ntawm surfactants.
Lub "Amphiphilic qauv" ntawm cov kev sib luag surfactants muab lawv tshwj xeeb cov khoom ntiag tug. Raws li muaj nyob hauv daim duab 1 (c), thaum muaj cov pa roj hmab ntxiv, thiab cov roj muaj aqurous inhibits kev sib cais ntawm cov surfactant molecule hauv dej. Raws li cov nyhuv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob txoj kev sib xyaw ua ke, lub surfactant molecules yog enrice-kua interface thiab yauv ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo, yog li txo cov nro dej. Unlike conventional surfactants, Gemini Surfactants are "dimers" that link conventional surfactants together through spacer groups, which can reduce the surface tension of water and oil/water interfacial tension more effectively. In addition, Gemini Surfactants have lower critical micelle concentrations, better water solubility, emulsification, foaming, wetting and antibacterial properties.
| Taw qhia ntawm Gemini Surfactants Nyob rau hauv 1991, cov tub rog thiab Littau [13] npaj thawj Bis-Alkyl saw Surfactant nrog kev sib txuas ntawm cov pawg sib txuas, thiab muaj npe "Gemini Surfactant". Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Zana thiab 14] 1996, cov kws tshawb nrhiav generalized thiab tham txog saum npoo (ciam teb (daws teeb meem ntawm cov ntsej muag sib txawv thaum sib txuas nrog cov surfactants. In 2002, Zana [15] investigated the effect of different linkage groups on the aggregation behavior of Gemini Surfactants in aqueous solution, a work that greatly advanced the development of surfactants and was of great significance. Later, Qiu et al [16] invented a new method for the synthesis of Gemini Surfactants containing special structures based on cetyl bromide and 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, which further enriched the way of Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Kev tshawb fawb txog Gemini Surfactants hauv Suav teb tau pib lig; Xyoo 1999, Jianexi Zhao los ntawm Fuzhou University ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas txawv teb chaws ntawm Gemini surfactants thiab nyiam cov xim ntawm ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb hauv Suav teb. Tom qab ntawd, kev tshawb fawb txog Gemini Surfactants hauv Suav teb pib ua tiav thiab ua tiav cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau. In recent years, researchers have devoted themselves to the development of new Gemini Surfactants and the study of their related physicochemical properties. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv thov ntawm Gemini burfactants tau maj mam tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kom tsis muaj menyuam, defoaming thiab feam inhibition, tshuaj tua dej qeeb thiab ntxuav. Raws li seb cov pab pawg hydrophilic hauv surfactant molecules tau them rau cov hauv qab no: cationic, noionic thiab amphoter gemini surfactants. Ntawm lawv, Cationic Gemini Dismini surfactants feem ntau xa mus rau cov pab pawg ntawm ammasium lossis cov roj ntsha li cas, cov roj ntsha li cas yog cov polyoxyethylene gemini surfactants.
1.1 Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Cationic Gemini Surfactants tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov cations nyob rau hauv aqueous kev daws, tsuas yog ammonium thiab Qoon ammonium ntsev Guamium ntsev Gemini ntsev Gemini Surfactants. Cationic Gemini Surfactants muaj zoo biodegradity, muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov khoom muaj peev xwm, cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim thiab kev muag khoom.
Quas ammonium ntsev los raws li Gemini Surfactants feem ntau tau npaj los ntawm tertiary amines los ntawm alkylation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Muaj ob txoj kev tseem ceeb hluavtaws raws li hauv qab no: Ib qho yog kom quaromize dibromo-hloov alkanes thiab ib leeg ntev-saw alkyl ditethyl tertiary amines; Qhov tod yog kom quaternize 1-bromo-hloov mus ntev-n, n, n, n, n, n Txawm li cas los xij, dibromo-hloov alkanes yog kim kim dua thiab feem ntau ua synthesized los ntawm tus qauv thib ob, thiab cov kev tawm tsam cov kev tawm tsam tau qhia hauv daim duab 2.
1.2 anionic gemini surfactants
Anionic Gemini Surfactants tuaj yeem sib cais actions nyob rau cov ntsev aqueous, tsuas yog sulfonates, sulfate salts, carboxylates thiab ntsev ntsev hom gemini surfactants. Anionic Surfactants muaj cov khoom zoo dua xws li kev txiav txim siab, ua npuas ncauj, cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej, sawv cev, emulsifiers thiab dispersants.
1.2.1 sulfonates
Sulfonate-based biosurfactants muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov dej ua kom zoo, thiab cov kua zaub ua npuas dej, thiab cov txheej txheem ntub dej, thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, thiab cov nqi qis. Li et al synthesized ib qho ntawm cov dialkyl tshiab acid gemin surfactant (2cn-surfactant (2CHATIC amine thiab taurasatic li cov ntaub ntawv raw hauv kev sib tw peb-kauj ruam.
1.2.2 sulfate ntsev
Sulfate ester salts doublet surfactants have the advantages of ultra-low surface tension, high surface activity, good water solubility, wide source of raw materials and relatively simple synthesis. Nws tseem muaj kev ntxuav ua kom zoo thiab ua npuas ncauj, kev ua tau ruaj khov, thiab cov sulfate ntsev ua haujlwm yog nruab nrab lossis me ntsis alkaline hauv cov kua aqueous. As shown in Figure 3, Sun Dong et al used lauric acid and polyethylene glycol as the main raw materials and added sulfate ester bonds through substitution, esterification and addition reactions, thus synthesizing the sulfate ester salt type baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Carboxylic acid ntsev
Carboxylate-based gemini surfactants feem ntau, ntsuab, yooj yim felervadable thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yooj yim, thiab cov tshuaj ntub dej, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes zoo thiab lwm thaj chaw. Cov lus qhia txog cov pab pawg ntawm cov pab pawg hauv carboxylate tuaj yeem txhim kho moleculactability thiab kuj ua rau lawv ntub dej, emulsification, dispersion thiab tshem tawm cov khoom. Mei li al synkesized lub carboxylate-based baryonic pawg surfactant cgs-2 uas muaj cov dodecylamine, diromoolhane thiab succinic anhydride li cov ntaub ntawv raw.
1.2.4 Phosphate Salts
Phosphate Ester ntsev hlau hom gemini surbactants muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws rau cov qauv vaj tsiaj xws li thim rov qab Micelles thiab vesicles. Phosphate Ester ntsev hom gemini surgactants tau tau siv dav ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob qis tau ua rau lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tu tawv nqaij. Qee yam tshuaj phosphate tuaj yeem ua anticancer, tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau tsim. Phosphate Ester ntsev ntau hom rau cov tshuaj tua kab thiab tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog cov tshuaj tua kabmob thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tab sis kuj yog tshuaj tua kab mob. Zheng et tau kawm cov synthesis ntawm phosphate ester ntsev Gemin-quat cov txiaj ntsig, thiab cov txheej txheem hluavtaws yooj yim dua, thiab cov khoom siv hluavthaiv yooj yim dua nrog cov mob sib txawv. Cov mis molecular ntawm cov poov tshuaj hauv poov piam ntsev baryonic surfactant yog qhia hauv daim duab 4.
1.3 tsis-ionic gemini surfactants
Tsis muaj lub Gemini Surfactants tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam hauv cov tshuaj aqueous thiab muaj nyob hauv molecular daim ntawv. Hom Baryonic Surfactant tau kawm tsawg heev, thiab muaj ib qho yog cov piam thaj thiab lwm tus yog dej cawv ether ether. Nonionic gemini surfactants tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ionic lub xeev hauv kev daws, yog qhov tsis yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog lwm hom surfactants, thiab muaj solubility zoo. Therefore, nonionic surfactants have various properties such as good detergency, dispersibility, emulsification, foaming, wettability, antistatic property and sterilization, and can be widely used in various aspects such as pesticides and coatings. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 5, nyob rau xyoo 2004, Fitzgerald thiab cov synthesized polyoxyethylene raws li gemini remfactants (cn-2h2o (ch2ch2o) mh (lossis gemhism).
02 physicochemical cov khoom ntawm Gemini Surfactants
2.1 kev ua si ntawm Gemini Surfactants
Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tshaj plaws los ntsuas cov kev ua si saum npoo ntawm cov surfactants yog ntsuas qhov nro ntawm lawv cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, surfactants txo cov nro hauv kev daws teeb meem los ntawm kev taw qhia kev taw qhia nyob rau saum npoo (ciam av) dav hlau (daim duab 1 (c)). Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim (CMC) ntawm Gemini Surfactants yog ntau dua ob qhov kev txiav txim siab me me thiab tus nqi C20 yog qhov qis dua li cov qauv qauv zoo sib xws nrog cov qauv qauv zoo sib xws. Cov baryonic surfactant molecule muaj ob pab pawg hydroughilic uas pab nws ua kom cov dej solubility zoo thaum muaj cov saw ntev ntev. At the water/air interface, the conventional surfactants are loosely arranged due to the spatial site resistance effect and the repulsion of homogeneous charges in the molecules, thus weakening their ability to reduce the surface tension of water. In contrast, the linking groups of Gemini Surfactants are covalently bonded so that the distance between the two hydrophilic groups is kept within a small range (much smaller than the distance between the hydrophilic groups of conventional surfactants), resulting in better activity of Gemini Surfactants at the surface (boundary).
2.2 Sib Dhis Cov Qauv ntawm Gemini Surfactants
Nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous, raws li cov concenonic surfactant nce, uas nyob rau hauv lem lwm yam molecules mus rau sab hauv ntawm kev daws teeb meem rau daim ntawv mikelles. Qhov siab ntawm qhov twg ntawm surfactant pib ua micelles ua hu ua qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration (cmc). As shown in Figure 9, after the concentration is greater than CMC, unlike conventional surfactants that aggregate to form spherical micelles, Gemini Surfactants produce a variety of micelle morphologies, such as linear and bilayer structures, because of their structural characteristics. The differences in micelle size, shape and hydration have a direct impact on the phase behavior and rheological properties of the solution, and also lead to changes in solution viscoelasticity. Conventional surfactants, such as anionic surfactants (SDS), usually form spherical micelles, which have almost no effect on the viscosity of the solution. However, the special structure of Gemini Surfactants leads to the formation of more complex micelle morphology and the properties of their aqueous solutions differ significantly from those of conventional surfactants. The viscosity of aqueous solutions of Gemini Surfactants increases with increasing concentration of Gemini Surfactants, probably because the formed linear micelles intertwine into a web-like structure. However, the viscosity of the solution decreases with increasing surfactant concentration, probably due to the disruption of the web structure and the formation of other micelle structures.
03 antimicrobial cov yam ntxwv ntawm Gemini Surfactants
Ua ib hom organic organic organic, cov antimicrobial mechanism ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tes thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab mob cell ntawm cov microbial cov ntaub so ntswg kom txwv lossis tua cov kab mob me me lossis tua cov kab mob me.
3.1 Antimicrobial cov yam ntxwv ntawm anionic gemini surfactants
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antimicrobial ntawm antimicrobial anionic surfactants yog tsuas yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov antimicrobial lawv nqa. Hauv kev daws teeb meem zoo xws li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo nkauj thiab cov txheej txheem hydrophobic yuav khi rau ob-theem sib cuam tshuam rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab molecular ntom. Cov kab mob inibites pab pawg ntawm no cov txheej tiv thaiv tuab tiv thaiv no inhibit kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.
Lub tshuab ntawm cov kab mob tseem ceeb ntawm anionic surfactants yog lub tswv yim txawv ntawm cov cationic surfactants. Cov txiv kab ntxwv inhibition ntawm anionic surfactants yog cuam tshuam rau lawv cov kev daws teeb meem thiab pawg inhibhabus tuaj yeem txwv. Hom semfactant yuav tsum tau muaj nyob ntawm cov qib txaus kom cov surfactant yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhua lub ces kaum ntawm lub system los tsim cov nyhuv microbicidal zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hom surfactant tsis muaj zos hauv zos thiab hom phiaj, uas tsis tsuas yog ua rau tsis tsim nyog tau khib nyiab ntev.
Raws li ib qho piv txwv, Alkyl sulfonate-based biosurfactants tau siv hauv cov tshuaj kho mob. Alkyl sulfonates, xws li Busulfan, feem ntau yog kho cov kab mob ntawm Guanine thiab cov kev ua yeeb yam los kho cov kab ke ntawm tes ua pov thawj, ua rau hauv lub tsev ntawm lub cev tuag.
3.2 Antimicrobial cov yam ntxwv ntawm Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Cationic Gemini Surfactants tsim yog Quit Ammonium ntsev hom gemini surfactants. Quaternary ammonium type cationic Gemini Surfactants have strong bactericidal effect because there are two hydrophobic long alkane chains in quaternary ammonium type baryonic surfactant molecules, and the hydrophobic chains form hydrophobic adsorption with the cell wall (peptidoglycan); at the same time, they contain two positively charged nitrogen ions, which will promote the adsorption of surfactant molecules to the surface of negatively charged bacteria, and through penetration and diffusion, the hydrophobic chains penetrate deeply into the Bacterial cell membrane lipid layer, change the permeability of the cell membrane, leading to the rupture of the bacterium, in addition to hydrophilic groups deep into the protein, leading to the loss of enzyme activity and protein denaturation, due to the combined effect of these two effects, making the fungicide has a strong bactericidal effect.
Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm ib puag ncig pom, cov surfactants muaj hemolytic thiab chytooxicity, thiab lub sijhawm sib chwv ntev dua nrog cov dej muaj sia tuaj yeem nce lawv cov tshuaj lom.
3.3 Cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov tsis muaj lub ntsej muag tsis muaj tseeb
Tam sim no ob hom kev tsis yog Gemini surfactants, ib qho yog cov piam thaj thiab lwm tus yog dej cawv ether ether.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob tawm tsam ntawm cov suab thaj biosurfactants yog nyob ntawm modeculactants tuaj yeem khi rau ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm tes, uas muaj ntau ntawm phospholipids. Thaum lub concentration cov suab thaj surfactives nce mus txog ib qib ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev tuag thiab thaum kawg ua rau muaj tus kab mob tuag.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua haujlwm ntawm Phenolic thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm phab ntsa lossis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm metrerative. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm Diphenyl yog lawv txoj kev ua yeeb yam (phenols) yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cell thiab kev txwv cov kab mob thiab luam ntawm cov kab mob. Nws tseem paralyzes qhov metabolic thiab ua pa ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes nyob rau hauv cov kab mob hauv tus kab mob, uas ua tsis tau.
3.4 Cov yam ntxwv tua kabmob ntawm amphoteric Gemini Surfactants
Amphoter Gemini Surbactants yog chav kawm ntawm surfactants uas muaj ob lub nroog muaj cov qauv ntawm anionic hauv ib qho kev mob nruab nrab thiab cationic surfactants hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kab mob amphoteric surfactans yog qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob tsis zoo thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov metabolism yooj yim.
3.4.1 Antimicrobial yam ntawm cov amino acid gemini surfactants
Amino acid hom baryonic surfactant yog cationic ampectiver bary farsonic surfactant muaj cai ntawm ammonium ntsev hom baryonic surfactant. Qhov zoo them ib feem ntawm surfactant yog nyiam qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab mob hluav taws xob, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab mob hydrosatic, ua rau efflux ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes thiab cov lysis kom txog thaum tuag. Nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Qonmonium-based gemini surfactants: yooj yim hemolorants, thiab nws tau tsim rau nws cov ntawv thov raug nthuav dav.
3.4.2 Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Cov Hluav Taws Xob ntawm cov hom amino acid hom gemini surfactants
Qhov tsis-amino acider gemini survactants muaj cov npoo muaj ntau yam uas muaj ob qho tib si uas tsis tau lees paub thiab tsis zoo. Lub ntsiab tsis yog-amino acid hom gemini surin surfactants yog betaine, imidazoline, thiab amine oxide. Taking betaine type as an example, betaine-type amphoteric surfactants have both anionic and cationic groups in their molecules, which are not easily affected by inorganic salts and have surfactant effects in both acidic and alkaline solutions, and the antimicrobial mechanism of cationic Gemini Surfactants is followed in acidic solutions and that of anionic Gemini Surfactants in alkaline solutions. Nws tseem muaj cov kev ua tau zoo zoo nrog lwm hom Surfactants.
04 Qhov Kawg thiab Outlook
Gemini Surfactants are increasingly used in life because of their special structure, and they are widely used in the fields of antibacterial sterilization, food production, defoaming and foam inhibition, drug slow release and industrial cleaning. With the increasing demand for green environment protection, Gemini Surfactants are gradually developed into environmentally friendly and multifunctional surfactants. Future research on Gemini Surfactants can be carried out in the following aspects: developing new Gemini Surfactants with special structures and functions, especially strengthening the research on antibacterial and antiviral; Sib cav nrog cov surfactants lossis additives ntxiv rau cov khoom lag luam nrog kev ua tau zoo; Thiab siv cov pheej yig thiab yooj yim muaj cov ntaub ntawv raw rau synthesize ib qho zoo phooj ywg gemini surfactants.
Lub Sijhawm Post: Mar-25-2022