Cov lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau kab lus no:
1. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov amino acids
2. Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
3. Tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg
4.Classification
5. Synthesis
6. Physicochemical cov khoom
7. Toxicity
8. AntimicRobial kev ua si
9. Rheological cov yam ntxwv
10. Cov ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam kom hniav
11. Cov ntawv thov nyob rau hauv txhua hnub ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib hnub
Amino acid surfactants (AAS)yog chav kawm ntawm surfactants tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog cov pab pawg hydrophobic nrog ib lossis ntau cov amino acids. Hauv qhov no, cov amino acids tuaj yeem yog cov hluavtaws lossis muab tau los ntawm cov protein hydrolysates lossis cov khoom siv tau zoo sib xws. Daim ntawv no npog cov ntsiab lus ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws rau AAS thiab cov nyhuv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, suav nrog sysomility, xws li disability stability, toxicabity thiab biodegradability. Raws li chav kawm ntawm surfactants nyob rau hauv kev thov nce ntxiv, cov versatility ntawm AAS vim lawv cov qauv sib txawv muaj ntau cov hauv kev lag luam.
Muab hais tias surfactants yog dav siv nyob rau hauv detergents, emulsifiers, corrosionferors, tertiarys, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau tsis txhob ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom muaj surfactants.
Surfactants yog cov neeg sawv cev feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev tshuaj uas tau noj ntau nyob rau hauv ib qho ntau txhua hnub nyob thoob ntiaj teb thiab tau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom muaj dej.Cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias kev siv thoob plaws ib txwm siv ntawm cov khoom noj thaum ib txwm tuaj yeem muaj qhov tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Niaj hnub no, tsis muaj kuab lom, biodegradity thiab biocompatibility yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm surfactants.
Biosurfactants yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg zoo surfactants uas yog ib txwm synthesized los ntawm cov kab mob ib txwm muaj xws li cov kab mob, fungi, thiab poov xab, lossis cov poov xab, lossis cov khoom zais.Yog li ntawd, biosurfactants tseem tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm molecular tsim los ntawm mimic ntuj amphiphilic qauv, xws li phospholipids, Alkyl Glycosides thiab acyl amyl amino acids.
Amino acid surfactants (AAS)yog ib qho ntawm cov surfactants li qub, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj lossis kev ua liaj ua teb cov khoom nyoos. Dhau ob xyoo dhau los, Aas tau nyiam qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm kev ua tau zoo dua qub, tsis yog ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov ib puag ncig.
AAS tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog ib chav kawm ntawm surfactants muaj cov amino acids muaj amino acid pab pawg (ho 2 C-suro acid seem (Hoino acid Residues (Ho-Acid Residues (Hoino Acid Residues (Ho-Acid Residues (Ho-Acid Residues (Hoya Acid Residues (Ho 4 V-NH-)). Lub 2 thaj tsam ntawm cov amino acids tso cai rau qhov ua kom muaj kev sib luag ntawm ntau yam ntawm surfactants. Tag nrho ntawm 20 tus qauv proteinogenic amino acids tau paub muaj xwm txheej thiab lub luag haujlwm rau txhua lub cev muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev loj hlob thiab lub neej. Lawv sib txawv ntawm txhua lwm yam raws li cov residue r (Daim duab 1, pk A yog qhov tsis zoo logarithm ntawm cov kua qaub cais tawm ntawm kev daws teeb meem). Qee tus yog tsis-ncov qaum thiab hydrophobic, qee tus yog ncov qaumteb qab zib thiab hydrophilic, qee qhov yooj yim thiab qee qhov yooj yim.
Vim tias amino acids yog qhov txuas ntxiv dua tshiab, surfactants synthesized los ntawm cov amino acids kuj muaj lub peev xwm ua kom muaj kev nyob ruaj khov thiab ib puag ncig phooj ywg. Qhov yooj yim thiab ntuj qauv, muaj kev lom zem tsawg thiab cov biodegradity feem ntau ua rau lawv zoo dua rau cov surfactant. Siv cov khoom siv raw txuas ntxiv (piv txwv li cov amino acids thiab zaub roj), Aas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib txawv biotechnological thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj sib txawv.
Thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20, amino acids tau pom thawj zaug los siv ua substtrates rau cov synthesis ntawm synthesis ntawm surfactants.AAS tau tsuas yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov tshuaj thiab ua kom zoo nkauj.Tsis tas li ntawd, AAS tau pom tias yog biologically nquag tawm tsam ntau yam kab mob-ua rau cov kab mob ua rau, qog, thiab kab mob. Xyoo 1988, muaj kev muaj tus nqi qis AIR GETICER kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua si saum npoo. Niaj hnub no, nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm biotechnology, qee cov amino acids kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua pov thawj ntawm cov poov xab loj, uas tsis ncaj ncees ua pov thawj tias cov neeg muaj ntau puag ncig yog ib puag ncig ntau.
01 kev txhim kho cov amino acids
Thaum ntxov thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo, thaum ib txwm tshwm sim amino acids tau pom thawj zaug, lawv cov qauv tau kwv yees kom tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo - siv tau yog Amphiphiles. Thawj txoj kev kawm ntawm synthesis ntawm Aas tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Bondi xyoo 1909.
Hauv kev kawm ntawd, n-acylglycine thiab n-acylalanine tau qhia raws li cov pab pawg hydrophilic rau cov surfactants. Tom ntej ua haujlwm koom tes nrog synthesis acids (AAS) siv Glycine thiab Alanine, thiab Hentrich li al. Luam tawm cov lus pom,Xws li thawj daim ntawv thov patent, ntawm kev siv acyl sarcosinate thiab acyl asparticte salts ua surfactants hauv cov khoom siv ntxuav hauv tsev (piv txwv li xab tshuaj txhuam hniav thiab txhuam hniav).Tom qab, ntau tus kws tshawb nrhiav tshawb xyuas cov synthesis thiab physicochemical thaj chaw ntawm acyl amyl amyl amin acids. Txog rau hnub tim, lub cev loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau luam tawm nyob rau ntawm synthesis, khoom, muaj cov ntawv thov thiab biodegradabe ntawm Aas.
02 cov qauv hluav taws xob
Qhov tsis-polar hydrophobic fatty acid chains yuav txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv, saw ntev thiab naj npawb.Cov txheej txheem sib txawv thiab cov kev ua si siab ntawm AAS piav txog kev sib txawv thiab ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj kev sib cav sib haum thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha. Lub taub hau pawg ntawm Aas muaj cov amino acids lossis peptides. Cov sib txawv ntawm cov tsev taub hau txiav txim siab cov adsorption, kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov surfactants. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv pab pawg taub hau tom qab txiav txim siab hom Aas, suav nrog Cationic, Anionic, NonoTic, thiab amphoter. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hydrophobic cov kua roj thiab hydrophobic ntev-saw cov khoom tsim ib qho amphiphilic qauv uas ua rau molecule zoo heev saum npoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov tshuaj asymmetric carbon atoms hauv cov molecule pab ua kom cov nkauj chairules.
03 Tshuaj Muaj Zog
Txhua tus peptides thiab polypeptides yog cov khoom lag luam polymerization ntawm cov no yuav luag 20 α-proteinogenic α-amino acids. Txhua 20 α-amino acids muaj carboxylic acid ua haujlwm pab pawg (-NHE 2), ob leeg txuas nrog tib lub Tetrahedral α-carbon atom. Cov amino acids sib txawv ntawm txhua lwm yam los ntawm cov pab pawg R pawg uas txuas nrog rau cov pab pawg, tsuas yog rau cov pab pawg r pawg, tsuas yog rau cov pab pawg r pawg, tsuas yog rau cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, qhov loj me thiab them acidity). Cov kev sib txawv no tseem txiav txim siab ua solubility ntawm amino acids hauv dej.
Cov amino acids yog chiral (tshwj tsis yog rau glycine) thiab yog saib xyuas los ntawm qhov vim tias lawv muaj plaub qhov sib txawv sib txuas nrog rau alpha carbon. Cov amino acids muaj ob qho kev sib txuas lus tau; Lawv tsis yog-sib tshooj ua duab ntawm ib leeg, txawm tias muaj tseeb tias tus naj npawb ntawm L-Sereoisomers yog qhov siab dua. Cov pawg R-pab tam sim no nyob rau hauv qee cov amino acids (tyrylalanine, tyrosine thiab tryptophan) yog qhov ua rau UV siab kawg ntawm 280 nm. Lub acidic α-cooh thiab cov pib α-nh 2 hauv cov amino acids muaj peev xwm ntawm ionization, uas lawv yog, tsim kev ionization sib npaug hauv qab no.
R-booh ↔r-boo-+ HTom tsev
R-nh3Tom tsev↔r-nh2+ HTom tsev
Raws li qhia hauv ionization sib npaug saum toj no, amino acids muaj tsawg kawg ob pawg acidic tsis muaj zog; Txawm li cas los xij, cov pob roj carboxyl yog ntau acidic piv rau cov amonated amino pab pawg. PH 7.4, cov pob roj carboxyl yog deprotonated thaum amino pab pawg yog protonated. Cov amino acids uas tsis muaj-oneizable r pawg yog hluav taws xob nruab nrab ntawm qhov pH thiab fw zwitterion.
04 Kev Sib Tw
AAS tuaj yeem faib ua raws li plaub yam, uas tau piav qhia hauv qab no nyob rau hauv lem.
4.1 Raws li keeb kwm
| Raws li cov hauv paus chiv keeb, Aas tuaj yeem muab faib ua 2 pawg raws li hauv qab no. Entia qeb Ib co ib txwm muaj cov amino acids muaj cov muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm txo cov npoo av / cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ntawm glycolipids. Cov AAS no tseem muaj lub npe hu ua Lipopeptides. Lipopeptides yog cov khoom siv hnyav me me, feem ntau tsim los ntawm hom bacillus.
Xws Aas tau muab faib ntxiv ua 3 subclasses:surfactin, iturin thiab fengycin.
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| Tsev neeg ntawm cov khoom ntoj ntom nti peptides encompasses heptapeptide variants ntawm ntau yam tshuaj,Raws li pom hauv daim duab 2a, uas C12-C16 uas tsis txaus ntseeg β-hydroxy fatty acid chain acteded rau peptide. Lub hau-unyosity peptide yog macrocyclice lactone nyob rau hauv uas lub nplhaib raug kaw los ntawm catalysis ntawm c-terminus filty acid thiab peptide. Nyob rau hauv subclass ntawm italin, muaj rau lub ntsiab lus sib txawv, uas yog iturin a thiab c, mycosubtilin thiab Bacillomycin D, F thiab L.Hauv txhua kis, cov kab mob Heptapeptides tau txuas rau hauv C14-C17 cov saw ntawm β-amino fatty acids (txoj sia hlau tuaj yeem sib txawv). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ekurimycins, amino pab pawg ntawm β-txoj hauj lwm tuaj yeem tsim ib txoj kev sib khi mus nrog C-Terminus li macrocyclic lactam qauv.
Lub subclass Fengycin muaj fengycin a thiab b, uas tseem hu ua plhaw hniav huv si thaum Tyrastatin thaum Tyroseatin thaum Tyrigured.Lub decapeide yog txuas rau c14 -c18 surolated lossis tsis muaj kev ruaj khov β-hydroxy fatty acid saw. Kev tsim qauv, plhawastin tseem yog macrocyclicin lactone, muaj ib qho kev sib tw tyr nrog rau C-Terminal Resids (raws li yog rooj plaub rau ntau tus neeg saib xyuas pseudomonas lipopeptides).
② Synthetic Pawg AAS kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv los ntawm kev siv ib qho ntawm cov kua qaub, theem pib thiab nruab nrab aminoids. Cov amino acids uas tau siv rau cov synthesis ntawm Aas yog glocine acid, spgartic acid, glycine, leucine, thiab cov protein hydrolysates. Qhov subclass ntawm surfacts tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, enzymatic, thiab cov qauv tshuaj yeeb; Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev tsim cov AAS, tshuaj lom hluav taws xob muaj kev lag luam tau ntau dua. Cov qauv piv txwv suav nrog N-Lauroyl-L-glutamic acid thiab n-palutamoyl thiab n-palutamoyl-l-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Raws li cov pob zeb hloov chaw
Raws li cov aliphaatic saw hloov chaw, amino acid-raws surfactants tuaj yeem faib ua 2 hom.
Raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm cov hloov chaw
| ①n-hloov AAS Hauv n-hloov chaw sib txuas, cov amino pab pawg tau hloov los ntawm ib pawg lipophilic lossis cov pab pawg carboxyl, ua rau muaj kev ploj ntawm cov pab pawg. Qhov piv txwv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm N-hloov Aas yog n-acyl amino acids, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb anionic surfactants. N-hloov AAS muaj ib txoj kev sib txuas lus uas txuas nrog ntawm hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic seem. Txoj kev sib khi mus AMIDE muaj peev xwm los ua cov hydrogen bond, uas pab txhawb qhov kev ua tsis ncaj ntawm no surfactant hauv ib puag ncig acidic, yog li ua rau nws biodegradable.
②c-hloov AAS Hauv C-hloov cov tebchaw, cov kev hloov chaw tshwm sim ntawm cov pab pawg carboxyl (ntawm ib tus neeg sawv cev rau sawv daws (los ntawm ib txoj kev sib cog lus thiab ester). Raug C-hloov cov tebchaw (piv txwv li esters lossis cov lus qhia) yog qhov tseem ceeb cationic surfactants.
③n- thiab c-hloov AAS Hauv hom surfactant, ob lub amino thiab carboxyl pawg yog ib feem hydrothilic. Hom no yog qhov tseem ceeb amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm hydrophobic tails
Raws li cov naj npawb ntawm cov pab pawg lub taub hau thiab hydrophobic Tails, Aas tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg. Ncaj-saw AAS, Gemini (Dimer) Hom Aas, Glycerolipid hom Aas, thiab bickephilic amphiphilic (Bola) Hom Aas. Ncaj-saw ua surfactants yog surfactants muaj cov amino acids nrog tsuas yog ib qho hydrophobic Tail (Daim Duab 3). Gemini hom AAS muaj ob amino acids polar polar pawg hauv lub taub hau thiab ob lub hydrophobic tails ib molecule (Daim Duab 4). Hauv hom qauv no, ob txoj kev ncaj-saw tau txuas ua ke los ntawm tus dav hlau thiab yog li no tseem hu ua dimers. Hauv Glycerolipid hom Aas, ntawm qhov tod tes, ob lub hydrophobic tails tau txuas nrog tib pawg amino acid lub taub hau. Cov surfactants tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog analogs ntawm monoglycerides, lub sij hawm phospholipids, thaum nyob rau hauv Bola-Hom Aas, ob lub amino acid lub taub hau yog txuas los ntawm hydrophobic tail.
4.4 Raws li hom ntawm pab pawg
①cationic Aas
Lub taub hau pab pawg ntawm hom surfactant muaj tus nqi zoo. Thaum ntxov tshaj plaws cationic Aas yog ursyl cocoyl arggate, uas yog pyrrolidone carboxylate. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab ntau yam ntawm qhov surfactant ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm, nrog rau lub qhov muag thiab tawv nqaij thiab yooj yim biodegradable. Tus neeg hu nkauj thiab Mhatre synthesized arrginine-raws cationic aas thiab ntsuas lawv lub pob ntawm lub cev. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, lawv tau lees tias cov khoom lag luam siab ntawm cov khoom tau siv SAPOPUS-Baumann cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nrog nce alkyl saw ntev thiab hydrophobicity, cov kev ua si saum npoo ntawm surfactant tau pom tias nce thiab qhov tseem ceeb motelle concentration (cmc) kom tsawg dua. Lwm tus yog cov proteclary acylarary actein, uas yog ib txwm siv ua lub txias hauv cov khoom tu plaub hau.
②anionic Aas
Hauv anionic surfactants, lub taub hau polar ntawm lub surfactant muaj tus nqi tsis zoo. Sarcosine (CH 3 -T-ch 2 -Cooh, n-Methylglycine), ib lub hnub qub thiab cov hnub qub muaj nyob hauv Glycine (NH 2 -Cooh,), ib qho yooj yim amino acid pom hauv cov tsiaj mammalian hlwb. -Cooh,) yog chemically ntsig txog glycine, uas yog qhov yooj yim amino acid pom hauv cov tsiaj mammalian hlwb. Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid, thiab lawv cov harides thiab esters tau siv los ua ke sarthesate surfactants. Sarcosinates yog inherently me thiab yog li feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yaug, tshuaj ntxuav cov hmoov av, cov tshuaj ntxuav kom tawv nqaij, thiab lwm yam khoom siv kom hniav.
Lwm cov lag luam muaj anionic Aas suav nrog Amisoft CS-22 thiab AmiliteGck-12, uas yog potassium n-coysium n-coysc glycinate, ntsig txog. Amilite feem ntau yog siv ua npuas ncauj, xab npum, cov tshuaj txhuam hniav, cov tshuaj ntxuav hniav huv si, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, cov ntaub qhwv kev sib tiv tauj, kev sib tiv tauj lub tsev neeg surfactants. Amisoft yog siv los ua cov plaub hau huv thiab plaub hau, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag thiab lub cev ntxuav, thaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tshuaj ntxuav lub cev thiab lwm yam khoom siv tawv nqaij.
③zwitteric lossis amphoter Aas
Amphoter surfactants muaj ob qho tib si acidic thiab yooj yim thiab tuaj yeem hloov lawv tus nqi them tus nqi. In alkaline media they behave like anionic surfactants, while in acidic environments they behave like cationic surfactants and in neutral media like amphoteric surfactants. LailleL Lysine (LL) thiab alkoxy (2-hydroxy (2-hydroxy (2-hydroxy (2-hydroxy yog qhov paub meej amphoter surfactants raws li cov amino acids. Ll yog cov khoom tsim hws ntawm lysine thiab Lauric acid. Vim tias nws cov qauv amphoteric, LL yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau yuav luag txhua hom tshuaj kuab, tshwj tsis yog rau alkaline heev lossis acidic kuab tshuaj. Raws li cov hmoov organic, ll muaj cov nplaum orgohililic rau hydrophilic chaw thiab cov coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam, muab qhov no surfactant zoo heev lubricating muaj peev xwm. Ll tau dav siv hauv cov tawv nqaij tawv thiab cov duab plaub hau, thiab tseem siv los ua cov roj nplua nyeem.
④nonionic as
Nonionic Surfactants yog cov cim los ntawm polar lub taub hau uas tsis muaj kev foob. Yim tshiab Ethebylated Nultoxylated Surfactants tau npaj los ntawm Al-Sabagh li al. Los ntawm cov roj-soluble α-amino acids. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, L-phenylalanine (LEP) thiab L-leucine tau ua ntej ntawm Hexadecanol, ua raws li palcomic acid muab ob qho kev qhia thiab ob tug neeg estred. Cov lus qhia thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hws nrog ethylene oxide los npaj peb lub phenylalanine derivatives nrog cov lej sib txawv ntawm polyoxyethylene units (40, 60, 60 xyoo. Cov noionic Aas tau pom muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes zoo thiab ua npuas dej.
05 synthesis
5.1 Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Yooj Yim
Nyob rau hauv AAS, Hydrophobic pawg tuaj yeem txuas nrog amine lossis carboxylic acid chaw, lossis los ntawm sab saw ntawm cov amino acids. Raws li qhov no, plaub txoj kev hluavtaws yooj yim muaj, raws li muaj nyob hauv daim duab 5.
Fig.5 paintisis txoj kev ntawm amino acid-raws surfactants
| Txoj kev 1. Amphipilic Ester amines yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv esterification, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob yog feem ntau yog refluxing synthesis feem ntau yog muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub cev thiab cov acidic catalyst. Hauv qee qhov kev tawm tsam, sulfuric acid ua raws li ob qho tib si catalyst thiab lub cev qhuav dej.
Txoj kev 2. Siv cov amino acids muaj kev ntxhov siab nrog alkylamines los tsim cov ntawv cog lus amphiphilic amidooamines.
Txoj kev 3. Amido acids yog synthesized los ntawm reacting cov pab pawg amine ntawm cov amino acids nrog amido acids.
Txoj kev 4. Ntev ntev-saw alkyl amino acids tau synthesized los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm amine pawg nrog haloalkanes. |
5.2 Kev Tawm Tsam nyob rau hauv synthesis thiab ntau lawm
5.2.1 synthesis ntawm ib leeg-saw amino acid / peptide surfactants
N-acyl thiab o-acyl amino acids lossis peptides tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm enzyme-cataly-cataly-catalyzed acylation ntawm amine lossis hydroxyl pawg nrog fatty acids. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj-lipase-catalyzed synthesis ntawm amino acter derivctica, nrog 90% nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj amino acids. Methyl ketyl Ketone kuj tau siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj hauv qee qhov kev tawm tsam. Vonderhagen li al. Kuj tau piav txog Lipase thiab kev tiv thaiv-catylation kev phiv tshuaj n-acylation ntawm cov amino acids (piv txwv li cov tshuaj orgalform) / dej) thiab methyl butyl butyl ketey.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub, qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb nrog enzyme-cataly-catalyzed synthesis ntawm Aas yog cov qoob loo qis. Raws li kev txhawb siab thiab al. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm n-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives tsuas yog 2% -10% txawm tias tom qab siv covlikases sib txawv thiab nyob rau ntau hnub. Montet li al. Kuj ntsib cov teeb meem txog qhov tsawg tawm los ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm n-acyl lysine siv cov roj fatty acids thiab roj zaub. Raws li lawv, qhov siab tshaj plaws tawm los ntawm cov khoom yog 19% nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj dawb thiab siv cov kuab tshuaj organic. Tib qho teeb meem tau ntsib los ntawm kev txhawb siab los ntawm ntau al. Nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm n-cbz-l-l-lysine lossis n-cbz-Lysy Methyl Ester derivatives.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, lawv tau lees tias cov qoob loo ntawm 3-o-setrine yog 8035 ua ib qho chaw huab cua ntawm cov huab cua tsis muaj zog. Nagao thiab Kito tau kawm O-Acylation ntawm L-Homoserine, L-Homoserine, L-Tyrida Cylindacea thiab Rhizopus Delemar hauv aqueous buffer nruab nrab) thiab tshaj tawm hais tias yields ntawm mastration ntawm L-homoserine thiab l-serine tau me ntsis tsawg, thaum tsis muaj acylation ntawm L-Threonine thiab cia tau tshwm sim.
Ntau tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau txhawb kev siv pheej yig thiab yooj yim muaj nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm siv tau-ua haujlwm theem. So li al. thov tias kev npaj ntawm xibtes roj surfactants ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws nrog immobilized lipoenzyme. Lawv tau sau tseg tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom yuav zoo dua txawm tias lub sijhawm siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (6 hnub). Gerova li al. Tshawb xyuas cov synthesis thiab cov kev ua si sab saum toj ntawm chiral n-palmoolyl aas raws li Methionine, Leucine, Phenylglycine thiab phenylglycine nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog / racemic sib xyaw. Pang thiab Chu piav qhia txog cov synthesis ntawm amino acid raws li kev daws teeb meem thiab biodegric acid Raws li cov tshuaj lom neeg tau ua ke los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw.
Cantaeuzene thiab Guerreiro tau tshaj tawm cov esterification ntawm carboxylic kua thiab dichatic aliphatic dej cawv thiab agarose 4b) ua catalyst. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm BOC-ala-Ah nrog rau qoob loo rog ntev txog 16 carbons tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo (51%) zoo dua, muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua, muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua, muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua li 63% [64 ]. 99.9%) Hauv yields xws li 58% mus rau 76%, uas tau ua ke los ntawm kev tsim cov dej cawv ntev nrog CBZ-arch-ome, uas papain ua raws li catalyst.
5.2.2 synthesis ntawm gemini-based amino acid / peptide surfactants
Amino acid-based gemini surfactants muaj ob qho ncaj-saw Aas Molecules txuas ib leeg los ntawm ib pawg spacer. Muaj 2 tus qauv ua tau rau cov tshuaj chemozymatic synthesis ntawm gemini-hom amino acid-raws surfactants (cov nuj nqis 6 thiab 7). Hauv daim duab 6, 2 amino acid derivatives tau cuam tshuam nrog cov compound ua ib pawg spacer thiab tom qab ntawd 2 hydrophobic pawg tau qhia. Hauv daim duab 7, 2 txoj kev ncaj ncaj tau sib txuas ncaj qha rau cov pab pawg txuas ntxiv ua ke los ntawm pawg Bifunctional.
Qhov kev txhim kho ua ntej tshaj plaws ntawm enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ntawm gemini lipcoamino acids tau pioneered los ntawm kev txhawb siab los ntawm al. Yoshimura li al. Raug kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom siv, Adsorption thiab kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov amino acid-based gemini surfactant raws li cov kaus mom thiab n-alkyl bromide. Tus synthesized surfactants tau muab piv nrog cov lus monomeric semfactants. Faustino li al. piav qhia cov synthemes ntawm anionic urea-based monomeric Aas raws li L-Cysteine thiab lawv khub ntawm Gemini los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev sib luag, sib npaug -Txoj kev ua fluorescence ntawm lawv. Nws tau pom tias CMC tus nqi ntawm Gemini tau qis dua los ntawm kev sib piv monomer thiab Gemini.
Fig.6 synthesis ntawm Gemini as siv AA derivatives thiab spacer, tom qab los ntawm ntxig rau ntawm cov pab pawg hydrophobic
Daim duab 7 synthesis ntawm Gemini Aass siv bifunctional spacer thiab Aas
5.2.3 synthesis ntawm glycerolipid amino acid / peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid / peptide surfactants yog chav ua si tshiab ntawm glycholipids uas yog cov qauv ntawm ib lossis phospholipids uas yog ib tus neeg lom zem nrog ib tus amino acid txuas rau Glycerol nraub qaum los ntawm kev sib cog lus ester. Cov synthesis ntawm cov surfactants pib nrog kev npaj ntawm glycerol esters ntawm cov amino acids ntawm cov kub thiab muaj cov kua qaub (piv txwv li bf 3). Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis (muaj kev tiv thaiv hydrolases, muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab cov kua qaub ua catalysts) kuj yog qhov kev xaiv zoo (Daim Duab 8).
Lub enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ntawm dilaukule arginine glycerides conjugates siv Papain tau tshaj tawm. Synthesis ntawm diacylglycerol ester conjugates los ntawm acetylarine thiab ntsuas ntawm lawv lub pob ntawm lawv cov khoom siv dag zog tau tshaj tawm.
Daim duab.8 synthesis ntawm mono thiab dia kua diacylglycerol amino acid conypugates
Lub Txuas Khoom: NH- (CH2)10-Nh: compoundb1
Tus Hlauer: NH-C6H4-Tsis: CompoundB2
Lub Tog: Ch2-Ch2: CompoundB3
Fig.9 Synthesis ntawm Amphiphiles tau muab los ntawm TIS (Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane
5.2.4 synthesis ntawm Bola-raws li amino acid / peptide surfactants
Amino acid-based Bola hom Amphiphiles muaj 2 cov amino acids uas tau txuas rau tib lub pob hydrophobic saw. Franceschi li al. Piav qhia cov synthesis ntawm Bola hom Amphiphiles nrog 2 amino acids (d- lossis l-agernine) thiab 1 alkyl saw ntawm ntau qhov ntev thiab tshawb xyuas lawv cov kev ua haujlwm sib txawv. Lawv sib tham txog cov synthesis thiab kev sib sau ua Amphophiles nrog cov amino acid feem (siv ib qho tsis muaj amino acid lossis dej cawv) thiab ib pawg C12. Cov tsis tshua muaj cov amino acids aminoacid, ib qho azidothaymin (azt)-acid, thiab kev haus dej amino los ntawm Azt (Daim duab 9). Cov synthesis ntawm symmetrical bola hom amphiphiles tau muab los ntawm TIS (Hydroxymethyl) Aminometyl) Aminomethane (Tris) (Tris) (Daim duab 9).
06 Cov Khoom Siv Physicochanemical
Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias amino acid raws cov kev ua tau zoo (Aas) muaj ntau yam zoo li cov khoom siv thiab ntau yam kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo rau cov dej nyuaj (calcium ion kev thev taus).
Raws li cov khoom surfactant ntawm cov amino acids (piv txwv li cov kev kawm txog theem thiab KRAFFT
6.1 Qhov Tseem Ceeb Tshaj Plaws (CMC)
Tseem ceeb motelle concentration yog ib qho ntawm cov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm surfactants xws li solubilization muaj zog xws li cov hlua ntawm hydrocarbon (nce rau hydrophobicity) ua rau txo qis Nyob rau hauv CMC tus nqi ntawm lub surfactant daws, yog li nce nws cov haujlwm saum npoo. Surfactants raws li cov amino acids feem ntau muaj qis cmc values piv rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg hauv taub hau thiab cov hlua hydrophobic tails (mono-cationic amide (mon-cationic amide-based ester), partne li al. synthesized peb arginine-based aas thiab kawm lawv cmc thiab γCMC muaj nuj nqis ntawm CMC thiab γCMC muaj nuj nqis txo nrog Hydrophobic Tail ntev. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, zaj lus pom zoo thiab Mhaatre pom tias CMC N-α-acylaricine surfactants txo qis ntawm hydrophobic tw carbon atoms (rooj 1).
Yoshimura li al. tshawb xyuas lub cmc ntawm cysteine-doldated amino acid-based girbon saw ntev li ntawm 10 ua rau muaj cov roj carbon saw ntev rau 14 ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv CMC, uas tau lees tias ntev ntev-saw gemini surgy surfactants muaj qis dua kev sib sau ua ke.
Faustino li al. Tshaj tawm cov kev tsim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous ntawm anionic gemini surfactants raws li cystine. Lub Gemini Surfactants kuj tau muab piv rau cov kev sib raug zoo concectional monomic surfactants (C 8 CYS). CMC muaj nuj nqis ntawm lipid-surfactant sib xyaw tau tshaj tawm kom qis dua cov ntawm cov ntshiab surfactants. Gemini Surfactants thiab 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn
Shamaki tshawb xyuas qhov tsim ntawm Visoelastic muaj cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov amionic-tsis muaj kev sib xyaw ua ntej ntawm admixture ntsev. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, N-dodecyl glutamate tau pom tias muaj ib qho siab dua krafft kub; Txawm li cas los xij, thaum neutralized nrog cov theem pib amino acid L-lysine, nws tsim micelles thiab kev daws teeb meem pib coj zoo li cov kua dej tshiab ntawm 25 ° C.
6.2 Cov kua dej solubility zoo
Cov dej zoo solubility ntawm Aas yog vim muaj cov koom tes sib txuas ntxiv. Qhov no ua rau as ntxiv biodegradable thiab ib puag ncig phooj ywg tshaj li cov lus pom tseeb surfactants. Cov dej solubility ntawm n-acyl-l-glutamic acid tseem zoo dua vim nws 2 pawg carboxyl. Cov dej ua kua ntawm CNUB (CA) 2 kuj yog qhov zoo vim tias muaj 2 molecule, uas ua rau cov kab ke zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm tes ntawm qhov qis dua.
6.3 KRAFFT kub thiab KRAFFT taw tes
Krafft kub yuav nkag siab tias yog solubility solubility ntawm surfactants uas solubility nce siab dua ib qho kub. Ionic surfactants muaj ib tug nyiam los tsim cov hydrates cov hydrates, uas tuaj yeem tawm ntawm dej. Ntawm ib qho kub tshwj xeeb (qhov thiaj li hu ua Krafft kub), ib qho kev tawm tsam thiab tsis tau ua tiav hauv cov solubility ntawm surfactants feem ntau yog pom. Krafft taw tes ntawm ib ionic surfactant yog nws KRAFFT kub ntawm CMC.
Qhov kev ua yeeb yam solubility no feem ntau pom rau ionic surfactants thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm KRAFFT Txhawm rau kom ua tiav solubility, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los npaj surfactant formulations nyob rau kub siab tshaj plaws ntawm KRAFFT POINT.
KRAFFT kub ntawm Aas tau kawm thiab piv nrog cov hluavtaws uas muaj kev sib sau ua ke ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab pom tias qhov kev coj ua ke ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab pom tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsej muag pom kev sib sau ua ntej 2-5 × 10-6 Mol-L -1 ua raws li los ntawm Micelle Micelle tsim (OWTA li al. Synthesized rau ntau hom ntawm n-hexadecanoyl Aas thiab tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv KRAFFT kub thiab cov amino acid seem.
Hauv kev sim, nws tau pom tias KRAFFT kub ntawm N-HexadecanoL Aas tau ua kom tsawg (phenylalanine ua qhov loj me ntawm cov amino acid residues (nrog tshwj tsis muaj glycine thiab phenylalanine). Nws tau xaus lus tias nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si Alanine thiab Phenylalanine Systems, DL kev sib cuam tshuam yog muaj zog dua li LL daim ntawv ntawm N-Hexadecanoyl Aas Ntsev.
Brito li al. txiav txim siab krafft kub ntawm peb series ntawm cov tshiab amino acid-basping surflupants thiab pom tias kev hloov pauv hloov me me hauv Kraffide kub (ntawm 47 ° C txog 53 ° C. Lub xub ntiag ntawm CIS-ob daim ntawv cog lus thiab kev ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub ntev-saw derivatives coj mus rau ib tug tseem ceeb txo nyob rau hauv KRAFFT kub. N-dodecyl glutamate tau tshaj tawm tias muaj qib KRAFFT kub siab dua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nruab nrab nrog cov theem pib amino acid L-lysine ua rau kev tsim ntawm micelles hauv kev daws teeb meem uas coj zoo li cov kua tshiab ntawm 25 ° C.
6.4 NTO TSEG
Lub nras nro ntawm surfactants yog cuam tshuam nrog cov saw ntev ntawm hydrophobic. Zhang li al. txiav txim siab qhov nro hauv sodium coyloc glycinate los ntawm Wilhelmy Phaj Txoj Kev (25 ± 0.2) °-M -1, CMC li 0.21 MMOL-L -1. Yoshimura li al. txiav txim siab qhov nro ntawm 2c n c c c c c ceny hom amino acid raws saum npoo av nro ntawm 2c n cylation-raws cov neeg sawv cev. Nws tau pom tias cov nriaj nro ntawm CMC tsawg zuj zus mus nrog ntau cov saw ntev (kom txog n = 8), thaum lub sij hawm rov qab rau cov surfactants nrog n = 12 lossis ntev ntev saw ntev.
Cov nyhuv ntawm CAC1 2 nyob rau saum npoo nro ntawm dicarboxylated amino acid-raws surfactants tseem tau kawm. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no, CAC1 2 tau ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous ntawm peb dicarboxylated amino acid-hom surfactants (C12 ASPNA 2, thiab C12 Gluna 2). Lub toj siab tseem ceeb tom qab CMC tau muab piv thiab nws tau pom tias qhov nro pom ntau ntawm CAC1 2 ntau. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm calcium ions rau kev npaj ntawm surfactant ntawm cov roj-dej interface. Lub nro qaum ntawm cov ntsev ntawm n-dodecylasqalonate thiab n-dodecylartate, ntawm qhov tod tes, kuj tseem luag yuav luag mus txog 10 mmol-l -1 cac1 2 siab. Saum toj no 10 mmol-l -1, lub nro kom nruj nce siab heev, vim yog tsim los ntawm cov calcium ntawm cov calcium ntsev ntawm lub surfactant. Rau cov ntsev tsis sib thooj ntawm cov n-dodecyl glutamate, kev sib ntxiv kev sib ntxiv ntawm CAC1 2 ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv CAC1 2 lub siab tsis tau hloov pauv ntev dua.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov adsorption Kinetics ntawm Gemini-hom-hom-hom dej interface, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj kev txiav txim siab siv cov txheej txheem npuas siab tshaj plaws. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias rau lub sijhawm ntev tshaj plaws, 2C 12 CYS cov CYS Dynamic nto tsis hloov pauv. Qhov qis ntawm cov npoo hluav taws xob muaj kev sib nraus tsuas yog nyob ntawm kev xav tau, qhov ntev ntawm hydrophobic tails, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm hydrophobic tails. Txhim kho kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm surfactant, txo saw ntev raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov saw hlau ua rau muaj kev nrawm dua. Cov txiaj ntsig tau rau ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm c n cenn (n = 8 txog 12) tau pom tias yog ze rau γ CLAC ntsuas los ntawm Wilhelmy Txuj Ci.
Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, cov txheej txheem tuab ntawm cov nro ntawm cov kab mob wilhelmy ntawm lawv cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev poob ntim ntim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev puas tsuaj tau tshawb xyuas lwm txoj hauv kev ib yam nkaus. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm mercaptoethanol mus 0.1 mmol-l -1sdlc kev daws teeb meem hauv cov nrob hauv thaj av ntawm 34 MN-M -1 txog 53 MN-M -1. Txij li thaum naclo tuaj yeem oxidize daim ntawv sib ntxub ntawm sulfc rau cov asridonic acid, tsis muaj agregs tau pom thaum Naclo (5 MMOL-L -1) tau ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem 0.1 mmol-l -1 sdlc. Kev Hloov Hluav Taws Xob Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj tawg tau pom tias tsis muaj cov qoob loo tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem. Lub nras nruj ntawm SDLC tau pom tias nce ntawm 34 MN-M -1 txog 60 mn-m -1 dhau ib lub sijhawm ntawm 20 min.
6.5 binary nto sib txuas
Nyob rau hauv lub neej kev kawm, ib pawg ntawm cov pab pawg tau kawm cov khoom vibracties, raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, raws li cov khoom ntiag tug zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrostatic.
6.6 Kev sib sau ua ke cov khoom
Dynamic lub teeb tawg yog feem ntau siv los txiav txim siab txog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov amino acid-basing ib qho pom tseeb hydrodyamic lub taub DH (= 2R H). Cov kev sib sau ua ke los ntawm c n cyl thiab 2cn cys yog qhov loj thiab muaj kev faib tawm dav piv rau lwm tus surfactants. Tag nrho cov surfactants tsuas yog 2c 12 CYS feem ntau ua ke ntawm 10 nm. Micelle ntau thiab tsawg tus gemini surfactants yog ho loj dua cov ntawm lawv monomacer counterparts. Kev nce hauv hydrocarbon saw ntev kuj ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv micelle loj. Ohta li al. Piav qhia txog cov chaw sib thab ntawm peb lub suab sib txawv ntawm n-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-alanine tenksosis Iwahashi li al. Tshawb xyuas los ntawm Vas Dichroism, NMR thiab Vapor Siab Osmometry Qhov tsim ntawm Chiral Aggregates ntawm cov kuab tshuaj uas sib txawv (xws li TetrahyDrile, 1,4 -dioxane thiab 1,2-dichloroethane) nrog Cov khoom siv tig tau tshawb xyuas los ntawm cov Dichroism, NMR thiab Vapor siab Osmometry.
6.7 Interfacial Kos Npe
Lub interfacial adsorption ntawm amino acid-raws surfactants thiab nws sib piv nrog nws cov kev sib piv tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov khoom tshaj tawm interfacial ntawm dodecyl esters ntawm cov amino acids uas tau los ntawm cia thiab LEP tau tshawb nrhiav. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cia thiab lep pom cov khoom lag luam qis hauv cov roj hauv cov kua roj ua kua thiab ntawm dej / hexane interface, ntsig txog.
Bordes li al. Tshawb xyuas cov kev daws teeb meem thiab kev kos duab ntawm cov roj-dej sib cuam tshuam, thiab 1, 2, 2, 2, thiab ib pawg carbox, ntsig txog). Raws li tsab ntawv no, CMC ntawm dicarboxylated surfactants yog 4-5 zaug siab tshaj li ntawm cov monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine ntsev. Qhov no yog ntaus nqi rau kev tsim ntawm hydrogen khi ntawm cov dicarboxylated surfactants thiab cov haiv neeg sib ze los ntawm cov pab pawg uas nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg.
6.8 theem kev coj cwj pwm
Isotropic ua haujlwm tsis zoo yog pom rau surfactants ntawm kev muaj ntau heev. Surfactant molecules nrog ntau pawg neeg nyiam heev yuav ua rau daim ntawv ua ke ntawm qhov me me curvature. marques li al. Kawm cov theem kev coj cwj pwm ntawm 12lys12 / 12Ser thiab 8ly8/reat cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm Micellar thaj tsam, thaum lub sijhawm 8ly8 / 16Ser system lub 8ly8 / 16Ser system qhia kev hloov pauv tas li (elongated mothellar theem cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm thaj av Motellar me me thiab cov Vesicle theem cheeb tsam). Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias rau cov vesricle cheeb tsam ntawm 12ly12 / 12ser system, cov hlwv yog ib txwm coexisting nrog 8ly8 / 16ser system muaj tsuas yog vesicles.
Catanionic sib xyaw ntawm Lysine- thiab sab-raws surfactants: symmetric 12lys12 / 12ser khub (sab laug) thiab asymmetric 8lys8 / 16Ser khub (txoj cai)
6.9 Emulsifying Muaj Peev Xwm
Kouchi li al. Soj ntsuam lub emulsifying muaj peev xwm, dispersible nro, thiab viscosity ntawm n- [3-hydroxypropyl] -l-arginy, l-glutamate, thiab lwm AAS. Hauv kev sib piv nrog surthetic surfactants (lawv cov kev sib tw tsis muaj kev sib deev), cov txiaj ntsig amsphocerSroprarts), cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias Aas muaj zog emulsify ua ntau dua li cov surfactants confactants.
Baczko li al. synthesized tshiab anionic amino acid surfactants thiab tshawb xyuas lawv txoj kev haum raws li Chairal Oriented NMR spectroscopy kuab tshuaj. Ib qho ntawm sulfonate-based amphiphilic L-Ala derivatives nrog cov amino acids nrog o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. WU li al. synthesized sodium ntsev ntawm n-fatty acyl ayl aas thiabRaug soj ntsuam lawv lub peev xwm emulsification hauv cov dej emulsions, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau ua rau ethance acetate li n-hexane raws li cov roj theem.
6.10 Kev nce qib hauv synthesis thiab ntau lawm
Cov dej tsis yeem tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo li muaj peev xwm muaj cov tshuaj calcium thiab cov magnesium hauv dej nyuaj, piv txwv li, lub peev xwm zam dhau los ua daus hauv calcium xab npum. Surfactants nrog cov dej nyuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj lom thiab cov khoom siv saib xyuas tus kheej. Cov dej tsis tuaj yeem raug ntsuas los ntawm kev suav qhov hloov pauv ntawm solubility thiab cov kev ua si saum npoo ntawm surfactant nyob rau hauv muaj calcium ions.
Lwm txoj hauv kev los ntsuas cov dej tsis yeem yog los suav qhov feem pua lossis grams surfactant yuav tsum rau cov calcium xab npum tsim los ntawm 100 g ntawm sodium ileate kom tau tawg hauv dej. Hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog cov dej nyuaj, muaj ntau cov calcium thiab magnesium ions thiab cov ntsiab lus ntxhia tuaj yeem ua qee cov kev siv zog nyuaj. Feem ntau cov sodium ion yog siv los ua cov txee ion ntawm cov hluavtaws anionic suractant. Txij li thaum muaj kev sib tw calcium ion tau ua txhua yam rau obulfactant molecules, nws ua rau lub surfactant los nag ntxiv los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ua tshuaj ntxuav ua kom muaj kev ntsuas.
Kev kawm txog cov dej nyuaj tsis kam ntawm Aas qhia tau ntau pawg, thiab cov kua qaub thiab cov pab pawg tawv nqaij ntawm ob pawg Cov. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov dej tsis kam yog c 12 glycinate <c 12 aspartate <c 12 glutamate. Muab piv rau dicarboxylated amino surfactant, ntsig txog qhov kawg ntawm cov lus dav dav thiab nws cov chaw sib ntxiv tau nce nrog ntxiv ntawm cov kua qaub kom tsim nyog. Cov dicarboxylated n-alkyl amino acids tsom cov nyhuv chelating nyob rau hauv muaj cov calcium ions, thiab c 12 aspartate tsim dawb gel. C 12 Glutamate pom cov kev ua siab loj ntawm High Ca 2+ kev xav thiab yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv seaterwater dealination.
6.11 Dispersibility
Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yog hais txog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm surfactant los tiv thaiv coalescence thiab sedimentation ntawm surfactant hauv kev daws.Dispersibility yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm surfactants uas ua rau lawv haum rau siv hauv detergents, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce.Tus neeg sawv cev dispersing yuav tsum muaj tus Ester, ether, tab sis amino sib koom ua ke ntawm cov pab pawg hydrophilic (lossis ntawm cov cuab yeej ncaj hydrophobic).
Feem ntau, anionic surfactants xws li alkanolamido sulfates thiab amophoter surfactants xws li dispersing cov neeg sawv cev rau calcium soaps.
Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm AAS, uas yog qhov pom tsis tau nrog dej thiab nyuaj rau kev siv tshuaj pleev ib ce.Hauv cov series no, n-acyl-hloov cov amino acids muaj superb dispersibility thiab yog siv hauv kev lag luam kom zoo nkauj los txhim kho cov qauv.
07 TOXICITY
Cov lus surfactants, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cationic surfactants, yog cov tshuaj lom heev rau dej yug tsiaj. Lawv cov kuab lom yog vim yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm adsorption-ion sib cuam tshuam ntawm surfactants ntawm lub xovtooj cua. Txo cov CMC ntawm cov surfactants feem ntau ua rau muaj zog interfacial adsorption ntawm surfactants, uas feem ntau ua rau lawv nce siab. Qhov nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv qhov ntev ntawm hydrophobic saw ntawm surfactants tseem ua rau muaj kev nce hauv surfactant mob siab mob toxicity.Feem ntau Aas yog cov tsis tshua muaj los yog tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig (tshwj xeeb rau kev siv khoom noj khoom haus khoom noj, cov tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.Ntau tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom tias amino acid surfactants yog maj mam thiab tsis-ua kom tawv nqaij. Arginine-based surfactants yog paub tias yuav tsum tsis muaj tshuaj lom dua li lawv cov kev ua yeeb yam.
Brito li al. kawm cov physicochemical thiab lom cov khoom ntawm amino acid-raws li kev tsim khoom thiab muab cov lus qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau lawv Dapnia Magna (IC 50). Lawv synthesized cationic vesles ntawm dodecyltrimammonium bromide (dtab) thiab lawv cov lus phem uas muaj cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke dua li cov lus sib xyaw ua ke Cov.
Rosa li al. Tshawb xyuas qhov khi (koom haum) ntawm DNA kom ruaj khov amino acid-raws li cationic vesications. Tsis zoo li cov cationicic surfactants, uas feem ntau tshwm sim kom muaj tshuaj lom, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cationic amino acids surfactans zoo li tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Lub cationic Aas yog raws li arginine, uas spontaneous cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov hlauv sib xyaw ua ke nrog qee yam secactants. Amino acid-based corrosion inhibitors kuj tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Cov surfactants yog yooj yim synthesized nrog siab purity (txog li 99%), tus nqi qis, yooj yim biodegradable, thiab meej soluble hauv aqueous media. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias sulphur-muaj amino acid surfactans yog qhov zoo dua hauv kev tiv thaiv corrosion.
Hauv kev kawm tsis ntev los no, PERIELLI li al. Tshaj tawm qhov txaus siab rau kev txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Rhamnolipids piv rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo. RhamoliPipids tau paub los ua raws li cov kev txhim kho ua permeability. Lawv kuj tau tshaj tawm cov nyhuv ntawm rhamnolipids ntawm epithelial permeability ntawm macromolecular tshuaj.
08 antimicrobial kev ua si
Cov antimicrobial kev ua si ntawm surfactants tuaj yeem raug ntsuas los ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus inhibitions. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antimicrobial ntawm arginine-raws surgine-raws surfactants tau kawm kom meej. Cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo tau pom tias muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau rau cov kab mob arginine-borfactants tshaj gram-zoo cov kab mob. Cov antimicrobial kev ua si ntawm cov surfactants feem ntau nce los ntawm muaj cov kev sib tw hydroxyl, cyclopropane lossis unsaturated sib khi tsis pub dhau ib leeg. Castillo li al. pom tias qhov ntev ntawm cov txiv neej acyl thiab tus nqi zoo txiav txim siab tus nqi HLB (Lipophilic-Lipophilic-Liphophilic seem) ntawm lub peev xwm, thiab cov no muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam. Nα-acylarginate methylen yog lwm chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cationic surfactants thiab nws yog prodily biodegradable thiab muaj tsawg lossis tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm nα-acylarants methyl-raws surfactancoyl-sn-sn-sn-sn-sar-sn-sarborxoline, qauv ib txwm muaj sia nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag lossis tsis muaj ntawm kev thaiv sab nraud tau qhia tias cov chav kawm ntawm no Surfactants muaj cov antimricrobial zoo tau pom tias cov surfactants muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo.
09 rheological khoom
Lub zog rheological ntawm surfactants ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev hauv kev txiav txim siab, suav nrog cov khoom noj sib txawv, suav nrog cov khoom noj, kev saib xyuas cov khoom ntiag tug thiab cov khoom tu hauv tsev. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua los sib tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov amino acid surfactants thiab cmc.
10 Daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam kom hniav
AAS siv rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ntau yam khoom lag luam.poov tshuaj n-coylol glycinate yog pom tias maj mam rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntxuav kom tshem tawm sludge thiab pleev. N-acyl-L-glutamic acid muaj ob pawg carbox, uas ua rau nws muaj dej ntau soluble. Ntawm cov AAS no, AAs raws C 12 Fatty acids tau siv dav hauv lub ntsej muag ntxuav kom tshem tawm sludge thiab pleev. AAS NROG C 18 saw hlau yog siv los ua emulsifiers hauv cov khoom tu tawv nqaij, thiab n-lauratl alanine salts uas tsis yog li siv hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom zov menyuam. N-liburyl-based AAs siv hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav zoo ib yam li xab npum thiab cov enzyme muaj zog-inhibiting efficacy.
Dhau li ob peb xyoo dhau los, kev xaiv ntawm surfactants rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, cov khoom tu tus kheej tau tsom rau qhov kov thiab kev nyab xeeb. Cov neeg siv khoom ntawm cov khoom no yog paub txog qhov ua rau muaj kev txob txob, tshuaj lom thiab ib puag ncig.
Niaj hnub no, AAS tau siv los tsim ntau yam zawv plaub hau, cov plaub hau dyes thiab cov plaub hau dhau los ntawm lawv cov khoom noj ib txwm muaj hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab cov khoom siv saib xyuas tus kheej.Protein-based surfactants muaj cov khoom tsim nyog uas tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv saib xyuas tus kheej. Qee Aas muaj cov kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab, thaum lwm tus muaj lub peev xwm ua npuas dej zoo.
Cov amino acids yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib txwm muaj tshwm sim ya raws li Stratum Corneum. Thaum cov kab mob Epidermal tuag, lawv tau ua ib feem ntawm stratum Corneum thiab cov protein me me yog maj mam degraded mus rau amino acids. Cov amino acids thiaj li thauj mus ntxiv rau hauv stratum Corneum, uas lawv nqus cov roj lossis roj-zoo li cov tshuaj stratum Corneum, yog li kev txhim kho cov tawv nqaij kom zoo nkauj. Kwv yees li 50% ntawm lub ntuj moisturizing muaj feem hauv daim tawv nqaij yog muaj cov amino acids thiab pyrrolidone.
Collagen, ib qho kev lom zem uas muaj cov amino acids uas ua kom cov tawv nqaij muag.Cov teeb meem ntawm daim tawv nqaij xws li roughness thiab dullness yog vim loj rau ib qho uas tsis muaj amino acids. Ib txoj kev tshawb pom tau qhia tias kev sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj pleev cov hniav nyiaj nrog cov tshuaj pleev cov tawv nqaij hlawv, thiab cov chaw cuam tshuam rov qab mus rau lawv lub xeev uas tsis tau ua nti.
Cov amino acids kuj tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev saib xyuas cov clected.Qhuav, cov plaub hau cov plaub hau yuav qhia kom tsawg dua hauv cov amino acids nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg puas ntsoog ntau yam mob caj npab. Cov amino acids muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau cuticle rau hauv cov plaub hau ncej thiab nqus dej noo los ntawm daim tawv nqaij.Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov amino acid raws surfactants ua rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau, cov plaub hau ntxuav cov plaub hau, thiab muaj cov amino acids ua rau cov plaub hau muaj zog.
11 Daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv txhua hnub ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib hnub
Tam sim no, muaj qhov xav tau zuj zus rau cov amino acid-boolived formuricy formicWide.AAS tau paub tias muaj peev xwm ntxuav kom zoo dua qub, muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo nkauj, uas ua rau lawv cov tshuaj ntxuav tsev, tshuaj ntxuav tes, lub cev ntxuav thiab lwm yam kev siv.Ib qho Aspartic acid-doldated amphoteric Aas tau tshaj tawm tias yog ib qho tshuaj ntxuav tau zoo nrog chelating zog. Kev siv cov khoom xyaw xab xab npum muaj cov n-alkyl-β-aminoTEBxy acids tau pom los txo cov tawv nqaij khaus. Ib qho kev ua kua ua kua ua kua los yog ntawm n-coyoyl-β-aminoproionate tau tshaj tawm tias yog cov tshuaj ntxuav tau zoo rau cov roj stains ntawm cov hlau. Ib qho aminocarboxylic acid surfactant, c 14 choCH 2 nhch, plaub hau, plaub hau, thiab lwm yam. 2-hydroftware-3-aminoprodic acid-n, n- Acetoacetic acid derivative yog paub kom muaj kev muaj peev xwm zoo thiab yog li ua kom ruaj khov rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dawb.
Kev npaj ntawm xab npum ua raws N- (n'-ntev-saw acyl-β-alanine tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Humigo thiab Tatsau, yooj yim ua npuas ncauj muag thiab zoo npuag muag muag Cov. Kao tau tsim cov txheej txheem xab npum tshuaj ntxuav kom raws N-acyl-1 -n-hydroxy-β-hydroxy-β-hydroxy-β-hydroxy-β dej tsis kam thiab muaj zog tshem tawm.
Lub tuam txhab Japanese Ajinomoto siv cov tshuaj lom tsawg thiab yooj yim degradable thiab l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-glinsamed Lub peev xwm ntawm enzyme additives nyob rau hauv xab npum tshuaj ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov protein fouling tau tseem tau tshaj tawm. N-acyl aas muab tau los ntawm glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine acid tau qhia rau lawv siv cov tshuaj ntxuav ua kua ntau hauv aqueous. Cov surfactants tsis ntxiv viscosity txhua, txawm tias tsis tshua muaj kub heev, thiab tuaj yeem hloov tau yooj yim los ntawm lub nkoj cia ntawm cov cuab yeej foaming kom tau txais homogeneous foams.
Lub Sijhawm Post: Jun-09-2022