Raws li cov lus, surfactants haum rau siv raws li roj-hauv-dej emulsifiers muaj HLB tus nqi ntawm 3.5 txog 6, thaum cov dej-hauv-roj emulsifiers poob ntawm 8 txog 18.

② Kev txiav txim siab ntawm HLB Values ​​(omitted).

07 Emulsification thiab Solubilization

Ib qho emulsion yog ib qho txheej txheem tsim thaum ib qho dej tsis sib haum yog tawg mus rau lwm qhov hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom zoo (tej los yog kua muaju). Lub emulsifier, uas yog ib hom ntawm surfactant, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau stabilizing qhov thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov system los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog interfacial. Cov theem uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv droplet nyob rau hauv lub emulsion yog hu ua lub dispersed theem (los yog internal theem), thaum lub sij hawm tsim ib tug nruam txheej yog hu ua lub dispersion nruab nrab (los yog lwm theem).

① Emulsifiers thiab Emulsions

Feem ntau emulsions feem ntau muaj ib theem li dej los yog aqueous tov, thiab lwm yam raws li ib tug organic tshuaj, xws li roj los yog waxes. Nyob ntawm lawv qhov kev sib cais, emulsions tuaj yeem raug cais raws li dej-hauv-roj (W / O) qhov twg cov roj tawg hauv dej, lossis roj hauv dej (O / W) qhov dej tawg hauv cov roj. Ntxiv mus, complex emulsions zoo li W / O / W lossis O / W / O tuaj yeem muaj nyob. Emulsifiers stabilize emulsions los ntawm kev txo qis interfacial nro thiab tsim monomolecular daim nyias nyias. Ib qho emulsifier yuav tsum adsorb lossis sib sau ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam kom txo qis kev sib tshuam thiab muab cov nqi rau cov tee dej, tsim cov electrostatic repulsion, los yog tsim cov viscosity tiv thaiv zaj duab xis nyob ib ncig ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj siv los ua emulsifiers yuav tsum muaj cov pab pawg amphiphilic, uas surfactants tuaj yeem muab tau.

② Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj emulsion thiab cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg

Muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev npaj emulsions: cov txheej txheem txheej txheem faib cov kua rau hauv cov khoom me me hauv lwm cov kua, thaum txoj kev thib ob cuam tshuam cov kua dej hauv cov ntawv molecular hauv lwm qhov thiab ua rau lawv sib sau kom tsim nyog. Qhov ruaj khov ntawm emulsion yog hais txog nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv particle aggregation uas ua rau kev sib cais theem. Emulsions yog cov tshuab thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov nrog lub zog dawb dua, yog li lawv qhov kev ruaj khov qhia txog lub sijhawm xav tau kom ncav cuag qhov sib npaug, piv txwv li, lub sijhawm nws siv rau cov kua cais tawm ntawm emulsion. Thaum fatty alcohols, fatty acids, thiab fatty amines muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaj duab xis interfacial, daim nyias nyias lub zog ho nce vim polar organic molecules tsim complexes nyob rau hauv lub adsorbed txheej, txhawb lub interfacial membrane.

Emulsifiers uas muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj surfactants hu ua mixed emulsifiers. Kev sib xyaw emulsifiers adsorb ntawm cov dej-roj interface, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm molecular tuaj yeem tsim cov complexes uas txo qis kev sib tshuam ntawm lub ntsej muag, nce tus nqi ntawm adsorbate thiab tsim denser, muaj zog interfacial daim nyias nyias.

Hluav taws xob cov tee dej tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm emulsion. Hauv cov emulsion ruaj khov, cov tee dej feem ntau muaj cov nqi hluav taws xob. Thaum siv ionic emulsifiers, qhov kawg ntawm hydrophobic ntawm cov ionic surfactants tau muab tso rau hauv cov roj theem, thaum kawg hydrophilic tseem nyob rau hauv cov dej theem, imparting nqi rau cov tee dej. Zoo li cov nqi ntawm cov tee dej ua rau repulsion thiab tiv thaiv coalescence, uas txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg. Yog li, qhov ntau dua qhov concentration ntawm emulsifier ions adsorbed ntawm cov tee dej, lawv cov nqi ntau dua thiab siab dua qhov ruaj khov ntawm emulsion.

Lub viscosity ntawm qhov nruab nrab dispersion kuj cuam tshuam rau emulsion stability. Feem ntau, cov viscosity siab dua qhov nruab nrab txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg vim tias lawv muaj zog cuam tshuam rau Brownian kev txav ntawm cov tee dej, ua rau kom muaj kev sib tsoo. Cov khoom hnyav molecular uas yaj hauv emulsion tuaj yeem ua rau nruab nrab viscosity thiab stability. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom hnyav-molecular-yuag tuaj yeem tsim cov ntaub so ntswg uas muaj zog, ntxiv dag zog rau emulsion. Qee qhov xwm txheej, ntxiv cov hmoov hmoov tuaj yeem ua kom ruaj khov emulsions. Yog hais tias cov khoom yog tag nrho wetted los ntawm dej thiab tuaj yeem ntub los ntawm cov roj, lawv yuav khaws cia ntawm cov dej-roj interface. Cov hmoov ua kom ruaj khov ntawm cov emulsion los ntawm kev txhim kho cov yeeb yaj kiab raws li lawv pawg ntawm lub interface, zoo li adsorbed surfactants.

Surfactants tuaj yeem txhim kho cov solubility ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas yog insoluble lossis me ntsis soluble hauv dej tom qab micelles tau tsim hauv cov tshuaj. Lub sijhawm no, cov tshuaj pom meej meej, thiab lub peev xwm no yog hu ua solubilization. Surfactants uas tuaj yeem txhawb kev solubilization hu ua solubilizers, thaum cov organic compounds tau solubilized yog hu ua solubilates.

08 Foam

Foam plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxuav. Ua npuas ncauj yog hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj dispersed nyob rau hauv cov kua los yog cov khoom, nrog rau cov roj raws li lub dispersed theem thiab kua los yog cov khoom raws li cov dispersion nruab nrab, hu ua kua ua npuas ncauj los yog cov khoom ua npuas ncauj, xws li ua npuas ncauj plastics, ua npuas ncauj iav, thiab ua npuas ncauj ua npuas ncauj.

(1) Ua npuas ncauj tsim

Lub sij hawm ua npuas ncauj yog hais txog ib qho kev sau ntawm huab cua npuas sib cais los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua. Vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov roj (theem dispersed) thiab cov kua (dispersion nruab nrab), thiab cov kua viscosity tsawg, cov pa roj npuas sai sai rau saum npoo. Kev tsim ua npuas dej muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov pa roj ntau rau hauv cov kua; cov npuas ces ceev nrooj rov qab mus rau saum npoo, tsim kom muaj ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov pa npuas sib cais los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua tsawg. Ua npuas ncauj muaj ob qhov tshwj xeeb morphological yam ntxwv: ua ntej, cov pa roj npuas feem ntau xav tias muaj cov duab polyhedral vim tias cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias nyias ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov npuas yuav ua rau nyias, thaum kawg ua rau npuas tawg. Qhov thib ob, cov kua ntshiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim ua npuas dej ruaj khov; yam tsawg kawg yog ob yam khoom yuav tsum muaj los tsim ua npuas ncauj. Cov tshuaj surfactant yog ib qho kev ua npuas dej uas nws lub peev xwm foaming txuas rau nws lwm yam khoom. Surfactants nrog zoo foaming muaj peev xwm hu ua foaming agents. Txawm hais tias foaming agents muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, cov npuas uas lawv tsim yuav tsis kav ntev, txhais tau tias lawv qhov ruaj khov tsis tau lav. Txhawm rau txhim kho ua npuas ncauj stability, cov khoom uas txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg yuav raug ntxiv; Cov no yog hu ua stabilizers, nrog rau cov stabilizers xws li lauryl diethanolamine thiab oxides ntawm dodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov

Ua npuas ncauj yog ib qho thermodynamically tsis ruaj khov; nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntuj tsim ua rau kev tawg, yog li txo cov kua dej tag nrho ntawm thaj chaw thiab txo lub zog dawb. Cov txheej txheem defoaming yuav maj mam thinning ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis cais cov roj kom txog thaum rupture tshwm sim. Lub degree ntawm foam stability yog feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kua dej thiab lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis. Influential Factors muaj xws li:

① Nto Nto: Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub zog, qhov qis ntawm qhov nro nyiam ua npuas ncauj tab sis tsis lav ua npuas dej ruaj khov. Tsis tshua muaj qhov nro qhia tias qhov sib txawv me me, ua rau cov kua dej qeeb qeeb thiab thickening ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis, ob qho tib si nyiam kev ruaj ntseg.

② Nto Viscosity: Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ruaj ntseg ua npuas ncauj yog lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis, feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab adsorption, ntsuas los ntawm qhov chaw viscosity. Cov txiaj ntsig kev sim qhia tau hais tias cov kev daws teeb meem nrog cov viscosity siab ua npuas ncauj ntev dua vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam cov molecular hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab adsorbed uas ua rau muaj zog ntawm daim nyias nyias.

③ Kev daws Viscosity: Cov viscosity siab dua hauv cov kua nws tus kheej ua rau cov kua dej ntws los ntawm daim nyias nyias, yog li ua kom lub neej ntev ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua ntej rupture tshwm sim, ua kom cov npuas ruaj khov.

④ Nto Nto "Kho" Kev Ua: Surfactants adsorbed rau daim nyias nyias tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov nthuav dav lossis kev cog lus ntawm zaj duab xis nto; qhov no yog hu ua kev kho. Thaum surfactants adsorb rau cov kua zaj duab xis thiab nthuav nws cov cheeb tsam saum npoo, qhov no txo ​​cov surfactant concentration ntawm qhov chaw thiab ua rau kom qhov nro; conversely, contraction ua rau kom muaj zog ntxiv ntawm surfactant ntawm qhov chaw thiab tom qab ntawd txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw.

⑤ Gas Diffusion Los Ntawm Cov Khoom Ua Kua Zaj Duab Xis: Vim lub siab capillary, cov npuas me yuav muaj siab dua nrog cov npuas loj, ua rau cov pa tawm ntawm cov npuas me me mus rau hauv cov loj, ua rau cov npuas me me kom ntsws thiab loj tuaj, thaum kawg. ua rau ua npuas ncauj. Daim ntawv thov zoo ib yam ntawm surfactants tsim ib yam nkaus, ua npuas ncauj thiab inhibits defoaming. Nrog cov surfactants nruj nreem ntim ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis, roj diffusion yog hindered, yog li pab txhawb kev ua npuas ncauj stability.

⑥ Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Deg Charge: Yog tias cov yeeb yaj kiab ua npuas dej nqa tib yam nqi, ob qhov chaw yuav tawm tsam ib leeg, tiv thaiv zaj duab xis los ntawm thinning lossis tawg. Ionic surfactants tuaj yeem muab cov nyhuv stabilizing. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, lub zog ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov. Surfactants ua raws li cov neeg ua npuas dej thiab cov stabilizers yuav tsum ua kom cov khoom ntim tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv molecules, vim qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov molecular interfacial, txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov zaj duab xis saum npoo nws tus kheej thiab yog li tiv thaiv cov kua ntws tawm ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab uas nyob sib ze, ua npuas dej ruaj khov dua.

(3) Kev puas tsuaj ua npuas ncauj

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas tsuaj ua npuas ncauj yuav hloov pauv cov xwm txheej uas tsim ua npuas ncauj lossis tshem tawm cov khoom stabilizing ntawm cov npuas dej, ua rau lub cev thiab tshuaj defoaming txoj kev. Lub cev defoaming tswj cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj foamy thaum hloov cov xwm txheej xws li kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, kub, lossis kev hloov siab, nrog rau kev kho ultrasonic, txhua txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tshem tawm npuas. Tshuaj defoaming yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qee yam tshuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg ua npuas ncauj kom txo tau lub zog ntawm cov kua zaj duab xis hauv cov npuas dej, txo cov npuas ruaj khov thiab ua tiav cov defoaming. Cov tshuaj no hu ua defoamers, feem ntau yog surfactants. Defoamers feem ntau muaj lub peev xwm tseem ceeb los txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw thiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau qhov chaw, nrog kev cuam tshuam tsis muaj zog ntawm cov khoom siv molecules, yog li tsim kom muaj cov qauv molecular xoob. Defoamer hom muaj ntau yam sib txawv, tab sis lawv feem ntau yog cov nonionic surfactants, nrog branched alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, polyamides, phosphates, thiab silicone roj feem ntau siv raws li zoo heev defoamers.

(4) Ua npuas ncauj thiab ntxuav

Tus nqi ntawm cov npuas dej tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tu; ua npuas ncauj ntau tsis txhais tau tias ntxuav zoo dua. Piv txwv li, nonionic surfactants yuav ua npuas ncauj tsawg dua li xab npum, tab sis lawv yuav muaj peev xwm ntxuav tau zoo dua. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, ua npuas dej tuaj yeem pab tshem tawm cov av; Piv txwv li, ua npuas ncauj los ntawm kev ntxuav tais diav pab tshem tawm cov roj, thaum ntxuav cov ntaub pua plag tso cai rau cov npuas dej kom tshem tawm cov av thiab cov khoom paug. Ntxiv mus, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem qhia qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes; Cov roj roj ntau dhau feem ntau inhibits npuas tsim, ua rau tsis muaj npuas lossis txo qis ua npuas ncauj uas twb muaj lawm, qhia tias muaj cov tshuaj detergent tsawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem ua tus taw qhia rau kev huv ntawm kev yaug, vim tias cov npuas dej hauv cov dej yaug feem ntau txo qis nrog cov tshuaj detergent tsawg.

09 Cov txheej txheem ntxuav

Kev hais lus dav dav, kev ntxuav yog txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom raug ntxuav kom ua tiav ib lub hom phiaj. Hauv cov ntsiab lus sib xws, kev ntxuav yog hais txog kev tshem tawm cov av ntawm qhov chaw nqa khoom. Thaum ntxuav, qee yam tshuaj (xws li detergents) ua kom tsis muaj zog lossis tshem tawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov av thiab cov cab kuj, hloov cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov av thiab cov cab kuj mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov av thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, tso cai rau lawv sib cais. Muab hais tias cov khoom yuav tsum tau ntxuav thiab cov av uas xav tau tshem tawm tuaj yeem sib txawv heev, kev ntxuav yog txheej txheem nyuaj, uas tuaj yeem yooj yim rau kev sib raug zoo hauv qab no:

Carrier • Dirt + Detergent = Carrier + Dirt • Detergent. Cov txheej txheem ntxuav feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob theem:

1. Cov av yog sib cais los ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom raws li cov tshuaj ntxuav tes;

2. Cov av sib cais yog dispersed thiab tshem tawm hauv nruab nrab. Cov txheej txheem ntxuav yog thim rov qab, txhais tau tias cov av dispersed los yog tshem tawm tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau ntawm cov khoom ntxuav. Yog li, cov tshuaj detergents zoo tsis tsuas yog xav tau lub peev xwm los tshem tawm cov av los ntawm cov cab kuj, tab sis kuj kom tawg thiab tshem tawm cov av, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab.

(1) Hom av

Txawm tias ib yam khoom tuaj yeem sau ntau hom, sib xyaw, thiab cov av nyob ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus siv. Oily av muaj ntau yam tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag roj thiab ntxhia roj (xws li roj crude, roj roj, thee tar, thiab lwm yam); Cov av muaj xws li cov khoom me me xws li soot, plua plav, xeb, thiab carbon dub. Hais txog cov khaub ncaws av, nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg cov kua qaub xws li hws, sebum, thiab ntshav; cov khoom noj uas muaj feem cuam tshuam xws li txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis roj stains thiab seasonings; residues los ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce xws li lipstick thiab ntsia thawv polish; atmospheric pollutants xws li pa luam yeeb, plua plav, thiab av; thiab ntxiv stains xws li number case, tshuaj yej, thiab xim. Cov av no feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom, kua, thiab tshwj xeeb.

① Cov av nplaum: Cov piv txwv feem ntau suav nrog cov av nkos, av nkos, thiab cov plua plav, feem ntau yuav muaj nqi-feem ntau tsis zoo them-uas yooj yim rau cov ntaub ntawv fibrous. Cov av yog feem ntau tsawg soluble hauv dej tab sis tuaj yeem tawg thiab tshem tawm hauv detergents. Cov khoom me dua 0.1μm tuaj yeem yog qhov nyuaj rau tshem tawm.

② Cov Khoom Ua Kua Dej: Cov no suav nrog cov roj uas muaj roj-soluble, muaj cov roj tsiaj, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mineral oils, thiab lawv cov oxides. Thaum tsiaj thiab zaub roj thiab fatty acids tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog alkalis los tsim cov xab npum, roj cawv thiab cov roj ntxhia tsis raug saponification tab sis tuaj yeem yaj los ntawm cawv, ethers, thiab organic hydrocarbons, thiab tuaj yeem emulsified thiab dispersed los ntawm detergent tov. Cov kua roj oily av feem ntau ruaj khov rau cov ntaub ntawv fibrous vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam.

③ Cov av tshwj xeeb: Pawg no muaj cov proteins, starches, ntshav, thiab tib neeg cov kua qaub xws li hws thiab zis, nrog rau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab tshuaj yej. Cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau ruaj khov rau fibers los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj, ua rau lawv nyuaj rau ntxuav tawm. Ntau hom av tsis tshua muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej, es lawv sib xyaw ua ke thiab sib sau ua ke rau ntawm qhov chaw. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam sab nraud, av tuaj yeem oxidize, decompose, los yog lwj, tsim cov av tshiab.

(2) Adhesion ntawm av

Av nkos rau cov khoom xws li khaub ncaws thiab tawv nqaij vim muaj qee qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom thiab av. Lub zog nplaum ntawm cov av thiab cov khoom tuaj yeem ua los ntawm lub cev lossis tshuaj adhesion.

① Lub Cev Adhesion: Adhesion ntawm cov av xws li khawb, plua plav, thiab av nkos feem ntau cuam tshuam rau lub cev tsis muaj zog. Feem ntau, cov av no tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tau yooj yim vim lawv cov adhesion tsis muaj zog, uas feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis electrostatic zog.

A: Mechanical Adhesion **: Qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog cov khoom av zoo li cov plua plav lossis cov xuab zeb uas ua raws li kev siv tshuab, uas yooj yim tshem tawm, txawm hais tias cov khoom me me hauv qab 0.1μm yog qhov nyuaj heev los ntxuav tawm.

B: Electrostatic Adhesion**: Qhov no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom sib txawv; Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv fibrous nqa cov nqi tsis zoo, tso cai rau lawv nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo xws li qee cov ntsev. Qee qhov tsis zoo them nqi tseem tuaj yeem sau rau ntawm cov fibers ntawm cov txuas txuas ionic tsim los ntawm cov ions zoo hauv cov tshuaj.

② Chemical Adhesion: Qhov no yog hais txog cov av adhering rau ib yam khoom los ntawm cov tshuaj bonds. Piv txwv li, polar khoom av los yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo li xeb yuav ua rau ruaj khov vim yog cov tshuaj lom neeg ua ke nrog cov pab pawg ua haujlwm xws li carboxyl, hydroxyl, lossis amine pawg muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv fibrous. Cov ntawv cog lus no tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo, ua rau nws nyuaj rau tshem tawm cov av no; Kev kho tshwj xeeb tej zaum yuav tsim nyog los ntxuav kom zoo. Lub degree ntawm av adhesion nyob ntawm ob qho tib si cov khoom ntawm av nws tus kheej thiab cov ntawm cov nto nws adheres rau.

(3) Mechanisms ntawm kev tshem tawm cov av

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxuav yog tshem tawm cov av. Qhov no suav nrog kev siv ntau lub cev thiab tshuaj ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj detergents kom tsis muaj zog lossis tshem tawm cov adhesion ntawm cov av thiab cov khoom ntxuav, pab los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab quab yuam (xws li phau ntawv txhuam, tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, lossis dej cuam tshuam), thaum kawg ua rau kev sib cais ntawm cov av.

① Mechanism of Liquid Av Tshem Tawm

A: Kev ntub dej: Feem ntau cov kua av yog oily thiab nyiam ntub ntau cov khoom fibrous, tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab oily tshaj lawv qhov chaw. Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev ntxuav yog cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas ua rau ntub dej ntawm qhov chaw.
B: Rollup Mechanism rau Roj Tshem Tawm: Qhov thib ob theem ntawm cov kua av tshem tawm tshwm sim los ntawm cov txheej txheem rollup. Cov kua av uas kis tau raws li cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm qhov chaw nce zuj zus mus rau hauv cov tee dej vim tias cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws nyiam ntub dej ntawm cov fiber ntau, thaum kawg tau hloov los ntawm cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws.

② Mechanism of Solid Dirt Tshem Tawm

Tsis zoo li cov kua av, kev tshem tawm cov khoom siv av yog nyob ntawm cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws kom ntub ob qho tib si av thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom nqa khoom. Lub adsorption ntawm surfactants rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom av thiab cov cab kuj txo lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam quab yuam, yog li txo qis lub zog adhesion ntawm cov av, ua rau lawv yooj yim dua tshem tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, surfactants, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ionic surfactants, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog hluav taws xob ntawm cov av thiab cov khoom siv saum npoo av, ua kom yooj yim tshem tawm ntxiv.

Nonionic surfactants zoo li adsorb rau ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau them thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, ua rau txo cov av rov qab. Cationic surfactants, txawm li cas los xij, tuaj yeem txo cov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm ntawm cov av thiab cov khoom thauj khoom ntog, uas ua rau txo qis qis thiab cuam tshuam cov av tshem tawm.

③ Tshem tawm cov av tshwj xeeb

Cov tshuaj detergents tej zaum yuav tawm tsam nrog tawv tawv los ntawm cov proteins, starches, ntshav, thiab lub cev secretions. Enzymes zoo li protease tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab mob protein zoo los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov proteins rau hauv cov amino acids soluble lossis peptides. Ib yam li ntawd, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tuaj yeem decomposed rau cov suab thaj los ntawm amylase. Lipases tuaj yeem pab decompose triacylglycerol impurities uas feem ntau nyuaj rau tshem tawm los ntawm cov lus pom zoo. Stains los ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj yej, los yog number case tej zaum yuav tsum tau oxidizing agents los yog reductants, uas reacts nrog cov xim-generating pab pawg neeg kom degrade lawv mus rau hauv ntau dej-soluble fragments.

(4) Mechanism ntawm Qhuav Tu

Cov ntsiab lus hais saum toj no feem ntau yog ntxuav nrog dej. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub, qee cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis teb zoo rau kev ntxuav dej, ua rau deformation, xim fading, thiab lwm yam. Muaj ntau lub ntuj fibers nthuav thaum ntub thiab yooj yim shrink, ua rau cov kev hloov tsis zoo. Yog li, kev tu kom qhuav, feem ntau yog siv cov kuab tshuaj organic, feem ntau nyiam rau cov ntaub ntawv no.

Kev ntxuav kom qhuav yog me me dua piv rau kev ntxhua khaub ncaws ntub, vim nws txo qis kev ua haujlwm uas tuaj yeem ua rau khaub ncaws puas. Rau kev tshem tawm cov av zoo hauv kev tu kom qhuav, cov av tau muab faib ua peb hom:

① Roj-soluble av: Qhov no suav nrog cov roj thiab cov rog, uas yaj yooj yim hauv cov kuab tshuaj ntxuav qhuav.

② Dej-soluble av: Hom no tuaj yeem yaj hauv dej tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj ntxuav qhuav, suav nrog cov ntsev inorganic, starches, thiab proteins, uas yuav crystallize thaum dej evaporates.

③ Cov av uas tsis yog Roj- lossis dej-soluble: Qhov no suav nrog cov khoom xws li carbon dub thiab hlau silicates uas tsis yaj hauv nruab nrab.

Txhua hom av yuav tsum muaj cov tswv yim sib txawv rau kev tshem tawm kom zoo thaum lub sij hawm ntxuav qhuav. Roj-soluble av yog methodologically tshem tawm siv cov kuab tshuaj organic vim lawv zoo heev solubility nyob rau hauv nonpolar solvents. Rau cov dej-soluble stains, dej txaus yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg saib xyuas qhuav vim dej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm cov av. Hmoov tsis zoo, txij li cov dej muaj cov solubility tsawg heev hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav, surfactants feem ntau ntxiv los pab ua ke dej.

Surfactants txhim kho tus neeg saib xyuas lub peev xwm rau cov dej thiab pab ua kom cov solubilization ntawm dej-soluble impurities hauv micelles. Tsis tas li ntawd, surfactants tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov av los ntawm kev tsim cov deposits tshiab tom qab ntxuav, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo. Ib qho ntxiv me ntsis ntawm cov dej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm cov impurities, tab sis ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntaub distortion, yog li xav tau cov dej sib npaug hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav qhuav.

(5) Cov yam ntxwv muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ntxuav tes

Lub adsorption ntawm surfactants ntawm kev sib tshuam thiab qhov ua rau txo qis ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntsej muag yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm cov kua lossis cov av. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntxhua khaub ncaws yog qhov nyuaj, cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes zoo sib xws. Cov yam ntxwv no suav nrog cov tshuaj detergent concentration, kub, av av, hom fiber ntau, thiab cov qauv ntaub.

① Concentration of Surfactants: MIcelles tsim los ntawm surfactants ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxuav. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxhua khaub ncaws yuav nce ntxiv thaum cov concentration tshaj qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration (CMC), yog li cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yuav tsum tau siv ntawm qhov siab tshaj CMC kom ntxuav tau zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, detergent concentrations saum CMC yield diminishing rov qab, ua ntau concentration tsis tsim nyog.

② Cov nyhuv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias: qhov kub thiab txias muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau kev ua haujlwm huv. Feem ntau, qhov kub siab dua ua kom yooj yim tshem tawm cov av; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo. Ua kom qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem pab cov av dispersion thiab tuaj yeem ua rau oily av kom emulsify ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov ntaub npuag nruj, qhov kub thiab txias ua rau cov fibers o tuaj yeem txo qis kev tshem tawm.

Qhov kub thiab txias kuj cuam tshuam rau surfactant solubility, CMC, thiab micelle suav, yog li cuam tshuam rau kev tu kom zoo. Rau ntau cov saw ntev surfactants, qhov kub thiab txias txo qis solubility, qee zaum qis dua lawv tus kheej CMC; Yog li, qhov tsim nyog ua kom sov tuaj yeem tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm zoo. Kub cuam tshuam rau CMC thiab micelles sib txawv rau ionic piv rau nonionic surfactants: nce qhov kub thiab txias feem ntau elevates CMC ntawm ionic surfactants, yog li yuav tsum tau hloov concentration.

③ Ua Npuas Ncauj: Muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis zoo txuas nrog kev ua npuas dej nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo-ntau ua npuas dej tsis sib npaug ntawm kev ntxuav zoo dua. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pom tau tias cov tshuaj detergents qis tuaj yeem ua tau zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem pab tshem tawm cov av hauv qee yam kev siv, xws li hauv kev ntxuav tais diav, qhov chaw ua npuas dej pab tshem cov roj los yog hauv cov ntaub pua plag tu, qhov twg nws nqa cov av. Ntxiv mus, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem qhia tau tias cov tshuaj ntxuav tes puas ua haujlwm; Cov roj ntau dhau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev tsim ua npuas ncauj, thaum txo qis ua npuas ncauj qhia tias txo cov tshuaj detergent concentration.

④ Fiber Hom thiab Textile Properties: Tshaj li cov qauv tshuaj, qhov tsos thiab lub koom haum ntawm fibers cuam tshuam cov av adhesion thiab tshem tawm nyuaj. Fibers nrog cov qauv ntxhib los yog tiaj tus, zoo li ntaub plaub los yog paj rwb, zoo li cuab cov av yooj yim dua li cov fibers du. Cov ntaub npuag ze ze yuav pib tiv thaiv cov av hauv av tab sis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo vim muaj kev nkag mus rau cov av uas tsis muaj.

⑤ Hardness ntawm Dej: Qhov ntau ntawm Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, thiab lwm yam hlau ions ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ntxuav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov anionic surfactants, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsev insoluble uas txo cov kev tu huv. Nyob rau hauv cov dej nyuaj txawm tias muaj qhov txaus surfactant concentration, kev tu kom zoo poob qis piv rau cov dej distilled. Rau kev ua tau zoo surfactant, qhov concentration ntawm Ca²⁺ yuav tsum raug txo kom qis dua 1 × 10⁻⁶ mol / L (CaCO₃ qis dua 0.1 mg / L), feem ntau yuav tsum tau suav nrog cov dej-softening agents hauv cov tshuaj detergent.